{"id":78,"date":"2017-11-28T19:54:50","date_gmt":"2017-11-28T19:54:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/chapter\/apa-signal-phrases\/"},"modified":"2022-07-27T18:34:36","modified_gmt":"2022-07-27T18:34:36","slug":"apa-signal-phrases","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/chapter\/apa-signal-phrases\/","title":{"rendered":"11.4 Signal Phrases"},"content":{"raw":"A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>, also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">A signal phrase consists of an author\u2019s name and an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material. A signal phrase may also include information explaining an author\u2019s credentials and\/or affiliations as well as the title and\/or publisher of the source text.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Referring to the Author within a Signal Phrase<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nIn many instances, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>s\u00a0will contain only the last name of the author of the source\u00a0text\u00a0(as opposed to the author\u2019s first\u00a0<em>and<\/em>\u00a0last name). For instance, APA style guidelines require no reference to author first names at any point in an essay. \u00a0But in MLA papers, if you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author\u2019s first name as well as the author\u2019s relevant credentials or affiliations in your signal phrase (you might also want to include the title of the source text). Once you have supplied an author\u2019s first name and credentials, any subsequent\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0referencing that same author should contain the author\u2019s last name only. For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Michael Pollan, Professor of Science and Environmental Journalism at the University of California Berkeley, observes that \u201cAmericans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago\u201d (29).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pollan continues, \u201cBut the national conversation unfolding around the subject of food and farming really began in the 1970s\u201d (29).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNotice how each\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verb is followed by the word \u201cthat\u201d or a comma, which is then followed by one space before the opening quotation mark.\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to an author as \u201cthe author\u201d as long as it is perfectly clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see references to \u201cthe researchers.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Signal Phrase Verb Tense<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In the examples above, notice how the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verbs are written in present tense. When you are asked to write a paper that follows MLA guidelines, signal phrases should always be written in present (not past) tense. When writing a paper using APA style,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verbs should be written in past tense. For example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Pollan (2009) observed that \u201cAmericans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago\u201d (p. 29).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNotice how APA in-text citations also differ from MLA style in that APA citations include the year of publication and the page number is preceded by a \u201cp.\u201d\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">See <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/chapter\/9-6-apa-citation\/\">section 12.6<\/a> for more information on APA in-text citations and <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/chapter\/9-8\/\">section 12.2<\/a> for MLA citations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Varying Your Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">You should also vary your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verbs (rather than simply using \u201cstates\u201d throughout your entire essay) in order to maintain your readers\u2019 interest and to indicate the author\u2019s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verbs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Types of Signal Phrases <\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author\u2019s first <em>and\u00a0<\/em>last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author\u2019s credentials and the title of the source.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">While providing the author\u2019s credentials and title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s credentials are indicated.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0Grace Chapmen,\u00a0Curator of Human Health &amp; Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains\u2026<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Presenting an author\u2019s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author\u2019s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/sources\/\">sources<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s\u00a0<em>lack of<\/em>\u00a0credentials is indicated.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0Matthew Spencer,\u00a0whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims\u2026<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Identifying an author\u2019s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author\u2019s ideas. Pointing to an author\u2019s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Employing nonviolent civil disobedience,\u00a0Roland Hayes,\u00a0prominent civil rights activist, preaches\u2026<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\">Ralph Spencer,\u00a0who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies\u2026<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Explaining the author\u2019s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Publisher of the source is identified.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>According to a recent\u00a0<em>CNN<\/em>\u00a0poll\u2026<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation\/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Title of the Source is included.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example<\/strong>:\u00a0In \u201cUnderstanding Human Behavior,\u201d Riley argues \u2026<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Informs the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Information that establishes\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/context\/\">context<\/a>\u00a0is presented.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages \u2026<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Presenting the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/context\/\">context<\/a>\u00a0that the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author\u2019s purpose more clearly.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"apa-signal-phrases\">\r\n<h2>\u00a0MLA Signal Phrase Verbs<\/h2>\r\n<table style=\"height: 651px\" width=\"496\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Acknowledges<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Counters<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Notes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Admits<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Declares<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Observes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Agrees<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Denies<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Points out<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Argues<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Disputes<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Reasons<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Asserts<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Emphasizes<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Refutes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Believes<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Finds<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Rejects<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Claims<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Illustrates<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Reports<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Compares<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Implies<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Responds<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Confirms<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Insists<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Suggests<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Comments<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Maintains<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Thinks<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Contends<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Mentions<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Writes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>\u00a0APA Signal Phrase Verbs<\/h2>\r\n<table style=\"height: 653px\" width=\"496\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Acknowledged<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Countered<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Noted<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Admitted<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Declared<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Observed<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Agreed<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Denied<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Pointed out<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Argued<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Disputed<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Reasoned<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Asserted<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Emphasized<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Refuted<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Believed<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Found<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Rejected<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Claimed<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Illustrated<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Reported<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Compared<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Implied<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Responded<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Confirmed<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Insisted<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Suggested<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Commented<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Maintained<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Thought<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Contended<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Mentioned<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Wrote<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>, also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">A signal phrase consists of an author\u2019s name and an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material. A signal phrase may also include information explaining an author\u2019s credentials and\/or affiliations as well as the title and\/or publisher of the source text.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Referring to the Author within a Signal Phrase<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In many instances, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>s\u00a0will contain only the last name of the author of the source\u00a0text\u00a0(as opposed to the author\u2019s first\u00a0<em>and<\/em>\u00a0last name). For instance, APA style guidelines require no reference to author first names at any point in an essay. \u00a0But in MLA papers, if you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author\u2019s first name as well as the author\u2019s relevant credentials or affiliations in your signal phrase (you might also want to include the title of the source text). Once you have supplied an author\u2019s first name and credentials, any subsequent\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0referencing that same author should contain the author\u2019s last name only. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Michael Pollan, Professor of Science and Environmental Journalism at the University of California Berkeley, observes that \u201cAmericans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago\u201d (29).<\/li>\n<li>Pollan continues, \u201cBut the national conversation unfolding around the subject of food and farming really began in the 1970s\u201d (29).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice how each\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verb is followed by the word \u201cthat\u201d or a comma, which is then followed by one space before the opening quotation mark.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to an author as \u201cthe author\u201d as long as it is perfectly clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see references to \u201cthe researchers.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Signal Phrase Verb Tense<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In the examples above, notice how the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verbs are written in present tense. When you are asked to write a paper that follows MLA guidelines, signal phrases should always be written in present (not past) tense. When writing a paper using APA style,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verbs should be written in past tense. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pollan (2009) observed that \u201cAmericans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago\u201d (p. 29).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice how APA in-text citations also differ from MLA style in that APA citations include the year of publication and the page number is preceded by a \u201cp.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">See <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/chapter\/9-6-apa-citation\/\">section 12.6<\/a> for more information on APA in-text citations and <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/chapter\/9-8\/\">section 12.2<\/a> for MLA citations.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Varying Your Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">You should also vary your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verbs (rather than simply using \u201cstates\u201d throughout your entire essay) in order to maintain your readers\u2019 interest and to indicate the author\u2019s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/signal-phrase\/\">signal phrase<\/a>\u00a0verbs.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Types of Signal Phrases <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author\u2019s first <em>and\u00a0<\/em>last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author\u2019s credentials and the title of the source.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">While providing the author\u2019s credentials and title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s credentials are indicated.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0Grace Chapmen,\u00a0Curator of Human Health &amp; Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Presenting an author\u2019s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author\u2019s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/sources\/\">sources<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s\u00a0<em>lack of<\/em>\u00a0credentials is indicated.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0Matthew Spencer,\u00a0whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Identifying an author\u2019s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author\u2019s ideas. Pointing to an author\u2019s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Employing nonviolent civil disobedience,\u00a0Roland Hayes,\u00a0prominent civil rights activist, preaches\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\">Ralph Spencer,\u00a0who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Explaining the author\u2019s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Publisher of the source is identified.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>According to a recent\u00a0<em>CNN<\/em>\u00a0poll\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation\/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Title of the Source is included.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example<\/strong>:\u00a0In \u201cUnderstanding Human Behavior,\u201d Riley argues \u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Informs the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Information that establishes\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/context\/\">context<\/a>\u00a0is presented.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages \u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0Presenting the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/glossary\/context\/\">context<\/a>\u00a0that the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author\u2019s purpose more clearly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"apa-signal-phrases\">\n<h2>\u00a0MLA Signal Phrase Verbs<\/h2>\n<table style=\"height: 651px; width: 496px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Acknowledges<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Counters<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Notes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Admits<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Declares<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Observes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Agrees<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Denies<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Points out<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Argues<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Disputes<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Reasons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Asserts<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Emphasizes<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Refutes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Believes<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Finds<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Rejects<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Claims<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Illustrates<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Reports<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Compares<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Implies<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Responds<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Confirms<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Insists<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Suggests<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Comments<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Maintains<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Thinks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px\">Contends<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172px\">Mentions<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 128px\">Writes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u00a0APA Signal Phrase Verbs<\/h2>\n<table style=\"height: 653px; width: 496px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Acknowledged<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Countered<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Noted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Admitted<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Declared<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Observed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Agreed<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Denied<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Pointed out<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Argued<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Disputed<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Reasoned<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Asserted<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Emphasized<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Refuted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Believed<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Found<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Rejected<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Claimed<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Illustrated<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Reported<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Compared<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Implied<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Responded<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Confirmed<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Insisted<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Suggested<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Commented<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Maintained<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Thought<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 151.563px\">Contended<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 164.563px\">Mentioned<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 135.563px\">Wrote<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["john-lanning-and-amanda-lloyd"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[70],"license":[50],"class_list":["post-78","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-john-lanning-and-amanda-lloyd","license-cc-by"],"part":72,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=78"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1777,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/revisions\/1777"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/72"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/78\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=78"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csu-fyw-rhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=78"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}