{"id":108,"date":"2017-11-28T19:54:50","date_gmt":"2017-11-28T19:54:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/rhetorical-strategies-building-compelling-arguments\/"},"modified":"2026-03-12T18:53:50","modified_gmt":"2026-03-12T18:53:50","slug":"rhetorical-strategies-building-compelling-arguments","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/rhetorical-strategies-building-compelling-arguments\/","title":{"rendered":"6.4 Rhetorical Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos Defined"},"content":{"raw":"Rhetoric, as the previous chapters have discussed, is the way that authors use and manipulate language in order to persuade an audience. Once we understand the <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/rhetorical-situation-the-context\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">rhetorical situation<\/a> <\/span>out of which a text is created (why it was written, for whom it was written, by whom it was written, how the medium in which it was written creates certain constraints, or perhaps freedoms of expression), we can look at how all of those contextual elements shape the author's creation of the text.\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">We can look first at the classical rhetorical appeals, which are the three ways to classify authors' intellectual, moral, and emotional approaches to getting the audience to have the reaction that the author hopes for.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Rhetorical Appeals<\/h2>\r\nRhetorical appeals refer to ethos, pathos, and logos. These are classical Greek terms, dating back to Aristotle, who is traditionally seen as the father of rhetoric.\u00a0To be rhetorically effective (and thus persuasive), an author must engage the audience in a variety of compelling ways, which involves carefully choosing how to craft his or her argument so that the outcome, audience agreement with the argument or point, is achieved. Aristotle defined these modes of engagement and gave them the terms that we still use today: logos, pathos, and ethos.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>Logos: Appeal to Logic<\/h3>\r\nLogic. Reason. Rationality. Logos is brainy and intellectual, cool, calm, collected, objective.\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">When an author relies on logos, it means that he or she is using logic, careful structure, and objective evidence to appeal to the audience. An author can appeal to an audience\u2019s intellect by using information that can be fact checked (using multiple sources) and thorough explanations to support key points. Additionally, providing a solid and non-biased explanation of one's argument is a great way for an author to invoke logos.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">For example, if I were trying to convince my students to complete their homework, I might explain that I understand everyone is busy and they have other classes (non-biased), but the homework will help them get a better grade on their test (explanation). I could add to this explanation by providing statistics showing the number of students who failed and didn\u2019t complete their homework versus the number of students who passed and did complete their homework (factual evidence).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Logical appeals rest on rational modes of thinking<strong>,<\/strong> such as<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Comparison -\u00a0<\/strong>a comparison between one thing (with regard to your topic) and another, similar thing to help support your claim. It is important that the comparison is fair and valid - the things being compared must share significant traits of similarity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cause\/effect thinking -\u00a0<\/strong>you argue that X has caused Y, or that X is likely to cause Y to help support your claim. Be careful with the latter - it can be difficult to predict that something \"will\" happen in the future.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Deductive reasoning -\u00a0<\/strong>starting with a broad, general claim\/example and using it to support a more specific point or claim<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Inductive reasoning -\u00a0<\/strong>using several specific examples or cases to make a broad generalization<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Exemplification -\u00a0<\/strong>use of many examples or a variety of evidence to support a single point<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Elaboration<\/strong> - moving beyond just including a fact, but explaining the significance or relevance of that fact<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Coherent thought<\/strong> - maintaining a well organized line of reasoning; not repeating ideas or jumping around<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>Pathos: Appeal to Emotions<\/h3>\r\nWhen an author relies on pathos, it means that he or she is trying to tap into the audience's emotions to get them to agree with the author's claim.\u00a0An author using pathetic appeals wants the audience to <span style=\"color: #333333\">feel<\/span> something: anger, pride, joy, rage, or happiness.\u00a0 For example, many of us have seen the ASPCA commercials that use photographs of injured puppies, or sad-looking kittens, and slow, depressing music to emotionally persuade their audience to donate money.\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Pathos-based rhetorical strategies are any strategies that get the audience to \"open up\" to the topic, the argument, or to the author. Emotions can make us vulnerable, and an author can use this vulnerability to get the audience to believe that his or her argument is a compelling one.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Pathetic appeals might include<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Expressive descriptions<\/strong> of people, places, or events that help the reader to feel or experience those events<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Vivid imagery<\/strong>\u00a0of people, places or events that help the reader to feel like he or she is seeing\u00a0 those events<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sharing<strong>\u00a0personal stories<\/strong> that make the reader feel a connection to, or empathy for, the person being described<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using<strong> emotion-laden<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>vocabulary\u00a0<\/strong>as a way to put the reader into that specific emotional mindset (what is the author trying to make the audience feel? and how is he or she doing that?)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using any information that will <strong>evoke an emotional response<\/strong> <strong>from the audience<\/strong>. This could involve making the audience feel empathy or disgust for the person\/group\/event being discussed, or perhaps connection to or rejection of the person\/group\/event being discussed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen reading a text, try to locate when the author is trying to convince the reader using emotions because, if used to excess, pathetic appeals can indicate a lack of substance or emotional manipulation of the audience. See the links below about fallacious pathos for more information.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>Ethos: Appeal to Values\/Trust<\/h3>\r\nEthical appeals have two facets: audience values and authorial credibility\/character.\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">On the one hand, when an author makes an ethical appeal, he or she is attempting to<strong>\u00a0tap into the<\/strong><span style=\"color: #333333\"><strong>\u00a0values\u00a0or ideologies\u00a0that the audience holds<\/strong>,<\/span> for example, patriotism, tradition, justice, equality, dignity for all humankind, self preservation, or other specific social, religious or philosophical values (Christian values, socialism, capitalism, feminism, etc.). These values can sometimes feel very close to emotions, but they are felt on a social level rather than only on a personal level. When an author evokes the values that the audience cares about as a way to justify or support his or her argument, we classify that as ethos. The audience will feel that the author is making an argument that is \"right\" (in the sense of moral \"right\"-ness, i.e., \"My argument rests upon that values that matter to you. Therefore, you should accept my argument\"). This first part of the definition of ethos, then, is focused on the audience's values.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">On the other hand, this sense of referencing what is \"right\" in an ethical appeal connects to the other sense of ethos: the\u00a0 author. Ethos that is centered on the author revolves around two concepts: the credibility of the author and his or her character.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\"><strong>Credibility <\/strong>of the speaker\/author is determined by his or her knowledge and expertise in the subject at hand. For example, if you are learning about Einstein\u2019s Theory of Relativity, would you rather learn from a professor of physics or a cousin who took two science classes in high school thirty years ago? It is fair to say that, in general, the professor of physics would have more credibility to discuss the topic of physics. To establish his or her credibility, a<\/span><\/span>n author may draw attention to who he or she is or what kinds of experience he or she has with the topic being discussed as an ethical appeal (i.e., \"Because I have experience with this topic -\u00a0 and I know my stuff! - you should trust what I am saying about this topic\"). Some authors do not have to establish their credibility because the audience already knows who they are and that they are credible.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Character<\/strong>\u00a0is another aspect of ethos, and it<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is different from credibility because it involves personal history and even personality traits. A person can be credible but lack character or vice versa. For example, in politics, sometimes the most experienced candidates - those who might be the most credible candidates - fail to win elections because voters do not accept their character. Politicians take pains to shape their character as leaders who have the interests of the voters at heart. The candidate who successfully proves to the voters (the audience) that he or she has the type of character that they can trust is more likely to win.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Thus, ethos comes down to trust. How can the author get the audience to trust him or her so that they will accept his or her argument? How can the the author make him or herself appear as a credible speaker who embodies the character traits that the audience values?<\/p>\r\nIn building ethical appeals, we see authors\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Referring either directly or indirectly to the values that matter to the intended audience (so that the audience will trust the speaker)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using language, phrasing, imagery, or other writing styles common to people who hold those values, thereby \"talking the talk\" of people with those values (again, so that the audience is inclined to trust the speaker)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Referring to their experience and\/or authority with the topic (and therefore demonstrating their credibility)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Referring to their own character, or making an effort to build their character in the text<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen reading, you should always think about the author\u2019s credibility regarding the subject as well as his or her character. Here is an example of a rhetorical move that connects with ethos: when reading an article about abortion, the author mentions that she has had an abortion. That is an example of an ethical move because the author is creating credibility via anecdotal evidence and first person narrative. In a rhetorical analysis project, it would be up to you, the analyzer, to point out this move and associate it with a rhetorical strategy.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Rhetorical Appeal Practice\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\nThe following interactive activity uses H5P. While efforts have been made to ensure accessibility, some H5P content may present challenges for users of certain assistive technologies. If you are unable to access or complete the activity, please contact your instructor to request an alternative way to engage with the material.\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nFor each question, select the best answer related to the rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"33\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>When writers misuse Logos, Pathos, or Ethos, arguments can be weakened<\/h3>\r\nAbove, we defined and described what logos, pathos, and ethos are and why authors may use those strategies. Sometimes, using a combination of logical, pathetic, and ethical appeals leads to a sound, balanced, and persuasive argument. It is important to understand, though, that using rhetorical appeals does not always lead to a sound, balanced argument.\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In fact, any of the appeals could be misused or overused. When that happens, arguments can be weakened.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">To see what a misuse of logical appeals might consist of, see the next chapter,\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/logical-fallacies\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">Logical Fallacies.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">To see how authors can overuse emotional appeals and turn-off their target audience, visit the following link from <em>WritingCommons.org<\/em>:<span style=\"color: #008000\">\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/fallacious-pathos\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">Fallacious Pathos<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">To see how ethos can be misused or used in a manner that may be misleading, visit the following link to <em>WritingCommons.org<\/em>:\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/fallacious-ethos\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">Fallacious Ethos<\/a><\/span><\/p>","rendered":"<p>Rhetoric, as the previous chapters have discussed, is the way that authors use and manipulate language in order to persuade an audience. Once we understand the <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/rhetorical-situation-the-context\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">rhetorical situation<\/a> <\/span>out of which a text is created (why it was written, for whom it was written, by whom it was written, how the medium in which it was written creates certain constraints, or perhaps freedoms of expression), we can look at how all of those contextual elements shape the author&#8217;s creation of the text.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">We can look first at the classical rhetorical appeals, which are the three ways to classify authors&#8217; intellectual, moral, and emotional approaches to getting the audience to have the reaction that the author hopes for.<\/p>\n<h2>Rhetorical Appeals<\/h2>\n<p>Rhetorical appeals refer to ethos, pathos, and logos. These are classical Greek terms, dating back to Aristotle, who is traditionally seen as the father of rhetoric.\u00a0To be rhetorically effective (and thus persuasive), an author must engage the audience in a variety of compelling ways, which involves carefully choosing how to craft his or her argument so that the outcome, audience agreement with the argument or point, is achieved. Aristotle defined these modes of engagement and gave them the terms that we still use today: logos, pathos, and ethos.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Logos: Appeal to Logic<\/h3>\n<p>Logic. Reason. Rationality. Logos is brainy and intellectual, cool, calm, collected, objective.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">When an author relies on logos, it means that he or she is using logic, careful structure, and objective evidence to appeal to the audience. An author can appeal to an audience\u2019s intellect by using information that can be fact checked (using multiple sources) and thorough explanations to support key points. Additionally, providing a solid and non-biased explanation of one&#8217;s argument is a great way for an author to invoke logos.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">For example, if I were trying to convince my students to complete their homework, I might explain that I understand everyone is busy and they have other classes (non-biased), but the homework will help them get a better grade on their test (explanation). I could add to this explanation by providing statistics showing the number of students who failed and didn\u2019t complete their homework versus the number of students who passed and did complete their homework (factual evidence).<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Logical appeals rest on rational modes of thinking<strong>,<\/strong> such as<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Comparison &#8211;\u00a0<\/strong>a comparison between one thing (with regard to your topic) and another, similar thing to help support your claim. It is important that the comparison is fair and valid &#8211; the things being compared must share significant traits of similarity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cause\/effect thinking &#8211;\u00a0<\/strong>you argue that X has caused Y, or that X is likely to cause Y to help support your claim. Be careful with the latter &#8211; it can be difficult to predict that something &#8220;will&#8221; happen in the future.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Deductive reasoning &#8211;\u00a0<\/strong>starting with a broad, general claim\/example and using it to support a more specific point or claim<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inductive reasoning &#8211;\u00a0<\/strong>using several specific examples or cases to make a broad generalization<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exemplification &#8211;\u00a0<\/strong>use of many examples or a variety of evidence to support a single point<\/li>\n<li><strong>Elaboration<\/strong> &#8211; moving beyond just including a fact, but explaining the significance or relevance of that fact<\/li>\n<li><strong>Coherent thought<\/strong> &#8211; maintaining a well organized line of reasoning; not repeating ideas or jumping around<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Pathos: Appeal to Emotions<\/h3>\n<p>When an author relies on pathos, it means that he or she is trying to tap into the audience&#8217;s emotions to get them to agree with the author&#8217;s claim.\u00a0An author using pathetic appeals wants the audience to <span style=\"color: #333333\">feel<\/span> something: anger, pride, joy, rage, or happiness.\u00a0 For example, many of us have seen the ASPCA commercials that use photographs of injured puppies, or sad-looking kittens, and slow, depressing music to emotionally persuade their audience to donate money.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Pathos-based rhetorical strategies are any strategies that get the audience to &#8220;open up&#8221; to the topic, the argument, or to the author. Emotions can make us vulnerable, and an author can use this vulnerability to get the audience to believe that his or her argument is a compelling one.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Pathetic appeals might include<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Expressive descriptions<\/strong> of people, places, or events that help the reader to feel or experience those events<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vivid imagery<\/strong>\u00a0of people, places or events that help the reader to feel like he or she is seeing\u00a0 those events<\/li>\n<li>Sharing<strong>\u00a0personal stories<\/strong> that make the reader feel a connection to, or empathy for, the person being described<\/li>\n<li>Using<strong> emotion-laden<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>vocabulary\u00a0<\/strong>as a way to put the reader into that specific emotional mindset (what is the author trying to make the audience feel? and how is he or she doing that?)<\/li>\n<li>Using any information that will <strong>evoke an emotional response<\/strong> <strong>from the audience<\/strong>. This could involve making the audience feel empathy or disgust for the person\/group\/event being discussed, or perhaps connection to or rejection of the person\/group\/event being discussed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When reading a text, try to locate when the author is trying to convince the reader using emotions because, if used to excess, pathetic appeals can indicate a lack of substance or emotional manipulation of the audience. See the links below about fallacious pathos for more information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Ethos: Appeal to Values\/Trust<\/h3>\n<p>Ethical appeals have two facets: audience values and authorial credibility\/character.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">On the one hand, when an author makes an ethical appeal, he or she is attempting to<strong>\u00a0tap into the<\/strong><span style=\"color: #333333\"><strong>\u00a0values\u00a0or ideologies\u00a0that the audience holds<\/strong>,<\/span> for example, patriotism, tradition, justice, equality, dignity for all humankind, self preservation, or other specific social, religious or philosophical values (Christian values, socialism, capitalism, feminism, etc.). These values can sometimes feel very close to emotions, but they are felt on a social level rather than only on a personal level. When an author evokes the values that the audience cares about as a way to justify or support his or her argument, we classify that as ethos. The audience will feel that the author is making an argument that is &#8220;right&#8221; (in the sense of moral &#8220;right&#8221;-ness, i.e., &#8220;My argument rests upon that values that matter to you. Therefore, you should accept my argument&#8221;). This first part of the definition of ethos, then, is focused on the audience&#8217;s values.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">On the other hand, this sense of referencing what is &#8220;right&#8221; in an ethical appeal connects to the other sense of ethos: the\u00a0 author. Ethos that is centered on the author revolves around two concepts: the credibility of the author and his or her character.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><span style=\"color: #333333\"><strong>Credibility <\/strong>of the speaker\/author is determined by his or her knowledge and expertise in the subject at hand. For example, if you are learning about Einstein\u2019s Theory of Relativity, would you rather learn from a professor of physics or a cousin who took two science classes in high school thirty years ago? It is fair to say that, in general, the professor of physics would have more credibility to discuss the topic of physics. To establish his or her credibility, a<\/span><\/span>n author may draw attention to who he or she is or what kinds of experience he or she has with the topic being discussed as an ethical appeal (i.e., &#8220;Because I have experience with this topic &#8211;\u00a0 and I know my stuff! &#8211; you should trust what I am saying about this topic&#8221;). Some authors do not have to establish their credibility because the audience already knows who they are and that they are credible.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Character<\/strong>\u00a0is another aspect of ethos, and it<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>is different from credibility because it involves personal history and even personality traits. A person can be credible but lack character or vice versa. For example, in politics, sometimes the most experienced candidates &#8211; those who might be the most credible candidates &#8211; fail to win elections because voters do not accept their character. Politicians take pains to shape their character as leaders who have the interests of the voters at heart. The candidate who successfully proves to the voters (the audience) that he or she has the type of character that they can trust is more likely to win.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Thus, ethos comes down to trust. How can the author get the audience to trust him or her so that they will accept his or her argument? How can the the author make him or herself appear as a credible speaker who embodies the character traits that the audience values?<\/p>\n<p>In building ethical appeals, we see authors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Referring either directly or indirectly to the values that matter to the intended audience (so that the audience will trust the speaker)<\/li>\n<li>Using language, phrasing, imagery, or other writing styles common to people who hold those values, thereby &#8220;talking the talk&#8221; of people with those values (again, so that the audience is inclined to trust the speaker)<\/li>\n<li>Referring to their experience and\/or authority with the topic (and therefore demonstrating their credibility)<\/li>\n<li>Referring to their own character, or making an effort to build their character in the text<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When reading, you should always think about the author\u2019s credibility regarding the subject as well as his or her character. Here is an example of a rhetorical move that connects with ethos: when reading an article about abortion, the author mentions that she has had an abortion. That is an example of an ethical move because the author is creating credibility via anecdotal evidence and first person narrative. In a rhetorical analysis project, it would be up to you, the analyzer, to point out this move and associate it with a rhetorical strategy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Rhetorical Appeal Practice\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following interactive activity uses H5P. While efforts have been made to ensure accessibility, some H5P content may present challenges for users of certain assistive technologies. If you are unable to access or complete the activity, please contact your instructor to request an alternative way to engage with the material.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>For each question, select the best answer related to the rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos.<\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-33\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"33\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"6.4 Rhetorical Appeals - Quick Quiz\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>When writers misuse Logos, Pathos, or Ethos, arguments can be weakened<\/h3>\n<p>Above, we defined and described what logos, pathos, and ethos are and why authors may use those strategies. Sometimes, using a combination of logical, pathetic, and ethical appeals leads to a sound, balanced, and persuasive argument. It is important to understand, though, that using rhetorical appeals does not always lead to a sound, balanced argument.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In fact, any of the appeals could be misused or overused. When that happens, arguments can be weakened.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">To see what a misuse of logical appeals might consist of, see the next chapter,\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/logical-fallacies\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">Logical Fallacies.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">To see how authors can overuse emotional appeals and turn-off their target audience, visit the following link from <em>WritingCommons.org<\/em>:<span style=\"color: #008000\">\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/fallacious-pathos\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">Fallacious Pathos<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">To see how ethos can be misused or used in a manner that may be misleading, visit the following link to <em>WritingCommons.org<\/em>:\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/fallacious-ethos\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">Fallacious Ethos<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-108","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":101,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":772,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/revisions\/772"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/101"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/108\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=108"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}