{"id":177,"date":"2017-11-28T19:54:50","date_gmt":"2017-11-28T19:54:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/apa-signal-phrases\/"},"modified":"2026-03-11T20:27:10","modified_gmt":"2026-03-11T20:27:10","slug":"apa-signal-phrases","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/apa-signal-phrases\/","title":{"rendered":"11.4 Signal Phrases"},"content":{"raw":"A\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\">signal phrase<\/span>, also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations, paraphrases, and summarized content into an essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.\r\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\">A signal phrase consists of:<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"no-indent\">an author\u2019s name and<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"no-indent\">an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"no-indent\">A signal phrase may also include an author\u2019s credentials and\/or affiliations as well as the title and\/or publisher of the source text.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>MLA Guidelines:<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author\u2019s <em>first and last<\/em> name in your signal phrase as well as the author\u2019s relevant credentials or affiliations (you might also want to include the title of the source text).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>After the initial introduction of the author, any subsequent <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/using_research\/quoting_paraphrasing_and_summarizing\/signal_and_lead_in_phrases.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">signal phrase<\/a> <\/span>referencing that same author should contain the author\u2019s last name only.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>APA Guidelines:<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Signal phrases should contain no author <em>first<\/em> names at any point in an essay - only last names.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Author credentials are unnecessary in APA signal phrases, although you may want to include credentials if they are especially relevant to the content or if you are incorporating journalistic and other popular sources into your essay.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Place the year of publication in parentheses after the author's last name.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to an author as \u201cthe author\u201d as long as it's perfectly clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see references to \u201cresearchers.\u201d\r\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Signal Phrase Verb Tense<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>MLA style guidelines:<\/strong> signal phrase verbs are in <strong>present<\/strong> tense.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Pollan observes, \u201cAmericans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago\u201d (29).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>APA style guidelines<\/strong>: signal phrase verbs are in <strong>past<\/strong> or <strong>present perfect<\/strong> tense.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Pollan (2009) observed that \u201cAmericans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago\u201d (p. 29).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pollan (2009) has observed that...<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNotice how each signal phrase\u00a0verb is followed by the word \u201cthat\u201d or a comma, which is then followed by one space before the opening quotation mark.\r\n\r\nYou may have noticed that in-text citations are formatted differently based on citation style (APA guidelines require placing \"p.\" before the page number, where as MLA guidelines require the page number only). See <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/9-6-apa-citation\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000\">section 12.6<\/span><\/a> for more information on APA in-text citations and <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/9-8\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">section 12.2<\/a><\/span> for MLA citations.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Parts of a signal phrase\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\nThe following interactive activities use H5P. While efforts have been made to ensure accessibility, some H5P content may present challenges for users of certain assistive technologies. If you are unable to access or complete the activity, please contact your instructor to request an alternative way to engage with the material.\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nThis activity asks you to choose the correct answer related to using signal phrases correctly.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"59\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Signal phrases and citations (MLA)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nThe following two activities ask you to drag and drop the correct answer related to using signal phrases correctly.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"37\"]\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"38\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Signal phrases and citations (APA)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nThis activity asks you to choose the correct answer related to using signal phrases correctly.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"65\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Practice - MLA vs APA signal phrases\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nThis activity asks you to choose the correct answer related to using signal phrases correctly in APA or MLA format.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"66\"]\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"67\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Varying Your Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">You should also vary your\u00a0signal phrase\u00a0verbs (rather than simply using \u201cstates\u201d throughout your entire essay) in order to maintain your readers\u2019 interest and to indicate the author\u2019s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong\u00a0signal phrase\u00a0verbs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"apa-signal-phrases\">\r\n<h2>MLA Signal Phrase Verbs<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"ccqruz\" data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"59\">\r\n<p data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"59\">Acknowledges<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"5m89n3\" data-start=\"60\" data-end=\"70\">\r\n<p data-start=\"62\" data-end=\"70\">Agrees<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"78d53i\" data-start=\"71\" data-end=\"81\">\r\n<p data-start=\"73\" data-end=\"81\">Admits<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"l95ce7\" data-start=\"82\" data-end=\"92\">\r\n<p data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"92\">Argues<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1q2ikqh\" data-start=\"93\" data-end=\"104\">\r\n<p data-start=\"95\" data-end=\"104\">Asserts<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"vstyrz\" data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"117\">\r\n<p data-start=\"107\" data-end=\"117\">Believes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"e1oghd\" data-start=\"118\" data-end=\"128\">\r\n<p data-start=\"120\" data-end=\"128\">Claims<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"v1ztyg\" data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"141\">\r\n<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"141\">Comments<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"a5z95o\" data-start=\"142\" data-end=\"154\">\r\n<p data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"154\">Compares<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"s4nujt\" data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"167\">\r\n<p data-start=\"157\" data-end=\"167\">Confirms<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"8y30i\" data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"180\">\r\n<p data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"180\">Contends<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"14p63m7\" data-start=\"181\" data-end=\"193\">\r\n<p data-start=\"183\" data-end=\"193\">Counters<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1tz1d2b\" data-start=\"194\" data-end=\"206\">\r\n<p data-start=\"196\" data-end=\"206\">Declares<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"15j6e9k\" data-start=\"207\" data-end=\"217\">\r\n<p data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"217\">Denies<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"q9cqk1\" data-start=\"218\" data-end=\"230\">\r\n<p data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"230\">Disputes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1yqg72n\" data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"245\">\r\n<p data-start=\"233\" data-end=\"245\">Emphasizes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"14aaqxq\" data-start=\"246\" data-end=\"255\">\r\n<p data-start=\"248\" data-end=\"255\">Finds<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"key7ia\" data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"271\">\r\n<p data-start=\"258\" data-end=\"271\">Illustrates<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1cv83an\" data-start=\"272\" data-end=\"283\">\r\n<p data-start=\"274\" data-end=\"283\">Implies<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"i20add\" data-start=\"284\" data-end=\"295\">\r\n<p data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"295\">Insists<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"z3cfc2\" data-start=\"296\" data-end=\"309\">\r\n<p data-start=\"298\" data-end=\"309\">Maintains<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"dgwaip\" data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"322\">\r\n<p data-start=\"312\" data-end=\"322\">Mentions<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"fv38yz\" data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"332\">\r\n<p data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"332\">Notes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"pjjffl\" data-start=\"333\" data-end=\"345\">\r\n<p data-start=\"335\" data-end=\"345\">Observes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"13afizd\" data-start=\"346\" data-end=\"360\">\r\n<p data-start=\"348\" data-end=\"360\">Points out<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1nqfjnj\" data-start=\"361\" data-end=\"372\">\r\n<p data-start=\"363\" data-end=\"372\">Reasons<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"18q7m4u\" data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"384\">\r\n<p data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"384\">Refutes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"zct3sk\" data-start=\"385\" data-end=\"396\">\r\n<p data-start=\"387\" data-end=\"396\">Rejects<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1gco3sl\" data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"408\">\r\n<p data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"408\">Reports<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"lc34a\" data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"421\">\r\n<p data-start=\"411\" data-end=\"421\">Responds<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"4g6wfz\" data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"434\">\r\n<p data-start=\"424\" data-end=\"434\">Suggests<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"12jqfuz\" data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"445\">\r\n<p data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"445\">Thinks<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"8k39d2\" data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"454\">\r\n<p data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"454\">Writes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>\u00a0APA Signal Phrase Verbs<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"ccr7rw\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"16\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2\" data-end=\"16\">Acknowledged<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1siqmn1\" data-start=\"17\" data-end=\"30\">\r\n<p data-start=\"19\" data-end=\"30\">Countered<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"fv3lmk\" data-start=\"31\" data-end=\"40\">\r\n<p data-start=\"33\" data-end=\"40\">Noted<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1qjo9bc\" data-start=\"41\" data-end=\"53\">\r\n<p data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"53\">Admitted<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1tz1ppw\" data-start=\"54\" data-end=\"66\">\r\n<p data-start=\"56\" data-end=\"66\">Declared<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"pjjvg6\" data-start=\"67\" data-end=\"79\">\r\n<p data-start=\"69\" data-end=\"79\">Observed<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"5m8iu0\" data-start=\"80\" data-end=\"90\">\r\n<p data-start=\"82\" data-end=\"90\">Agreed<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"15j68bz\" data-start=\"91\" data-end=\"101\">\r\n<p data-start=\"93\" data-end=\"101\">Denied<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"qjtebv\" data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"117\">\r\n<p data-start=\"104\" data-end=\"117\">Pointed out<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"l94rfs\" data-start=\"118\" data-end=\"128\">\r\n<p data-start=\"120\" data-end=\"128\">Argued<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"q9cfom\" data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"141\">\r\n<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"141\">Disputed<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1hdp6st\" data-start=\"142\" data-end=\"154\">\r\n<p data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"154\">Reasoned<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1nfm6jv\" data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"167\">\r\n<p data-start=\"157\" data-end=\"167\">Asserted<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1yqgg9k\" data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"182\">\r\n<p data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"182\">Emphasized<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"18q7tqx\" data-start=\"183\" data-end=\"194\">\r\n<p data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"194\">Refuted<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"vsu7yw\" data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"207\">\r\n<p data-start=\"197\" data-end=\"207\">Believed<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"yc9l5q\" data-start=\"208\" data-end=\"217\">\r\n<p data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"217\">Found<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"u8jbk6\" data-start=\"218\" data-end=\"230\">\r\n<p data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"230\">Rejected<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"11chhnn\" data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"242\">\r\n<p data-start=\"233\" data-end=\"242\">Claimed<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"keylud\" data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"258\">\r\n<p data-start=\"245\" data-end=\"258\">Illustrated<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"mv1vtz\" data-start=\"259\" data-end=\"271\">\r\n<p data-start=\"261\" data-end=\"271\">Reported<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"a5yt8r\" data-start=\"272\" data-end=\"284\">\r\n<p data-start=\"274\" data-end=\"284\">Compared<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1cv8988\" data-start=\"285\" data-end=\"296\">\r\n<p data-start=\"287\" data-end=\"296\">Implied<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"jkf4xk\" data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"310\">\r\n<p data-start=\"299\" data-end=\"310\">Responded<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"4vtnej\" data-start=\"311\" data-end=\"324\">\r\n<p data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"324\">Confirmed<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"rlsfbn\" data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"337\">\r\n<p data-start=\"327\" data-end=\"337\">Insisted<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"4rla99\" data-start=\"338\" data-end=\"351\">\r\n<p data-start=\"340\" data-end=\"351\">Suggested<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"ues1cq\" data-start=\"352\" data-end=\"365\">\r\n<p data-start=\"354\" data-end=\"365\">Commented<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"ll0fyo\" data-start=\"366\" data-end=\"380\">\r\n<p data-start=\"368\" data-end=\"380\">Maintained<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"6n4hhx\" data-start=\"381\" data-end=\"392\">\r\n<p data-start=\"383\" data-end=\"392\">Thought<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"87l1gw\" data-start=\"393\" data-end=\"406\">\r\n<p data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"406\">Contended<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"ibfnpv\" data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"420\">\r\n<p data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"420\">Mentioned<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"17b3ik3\" data-start=\"421\" data-end=\"428\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\r\n<p data-start=\"423\" data-end=\"428\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Wrote<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Types of MLA Phrases <\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author\u2019s first <em>and\u00a0<\/em>last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author\u2019s credentials and the title of the source.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">While providing the author\u2019s credentials and title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s credentials are indicated. <\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Presenting an author\u2019s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author\u2019s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/glossary\/sources\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">sources<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0Grace Chapmen,\u00a0Curator of Human Health &amp; Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains\u2026<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s\u00a0<em>lack of<\/em> credentials is indicated. <\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Identifying an author\u2019s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author\u2019s ideas. Pointing to an author\u2019s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0Matthew Spencer,\u00a0whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims\u2026<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained. <\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Explaining the author\u2019s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Employing nonviolent civil disobedience,\u00a0Roland Hayes,\u00a0prominent civil rights activist, preaches\u2026<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\">Ralph Spencer,\u00a0who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies\u2026<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Publisher of the source is identified. <\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation\/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>According to a recent\u00a0<em>CNN<\/em>\u00a0poll\u2026<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Title of the Source is included.<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nInforms the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example<\/strong>:\u00a0In \u201cUnderstanding Human Behavior,\u201d Riley argues \u2026<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Information that establishes\u00a0context\u00a0is presented.<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nPresenting the\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/2-3-how-to-read-rhetorically\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">context<\/a><\/span>\u00a0that the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author\u2019s purpose more clearly.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages \u2026<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>A\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\">signal phrase<\/span>, also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations, paraphrases, and summarized content into an essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\">A signal phrase consists of:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"no-indent\">an author\u2019s name and<\/li>\n<li class=\"no-indent\">an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material.<\/li>\n<li class=\"no-indent\">A signal phrase may also include an author\u2019s credentials and\/or affiliations as well as the title and\/or publisher of the source text.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>MLA Guidelines:<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>If you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author\u2019s <em>first and last<\/em> name in your signal phrase as well as the author\u2019s relevant credentials or affiliations (you might also want to include the title of the source text).<\/li>\n<li>After the initial introduction of the author, any subsequent <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/using_research\/quoting_paraphrasing_and_summarizing\/signal_and_lead_in_phrases.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">signal phrase<\/a> <\/span>referencing that same author should contain the author\u2019s last name only.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>APA Guidelines:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Signal phrases should contain no author <em>first<\/em> names at any point in an essay &#8211; only last names.<\/li>\n<li>Author credentials are unnecessary in APA signal phrases, although you may want to include credentials if they are especially relevant to the content or if you are incorporating journalistic and other popular sources into your essay.<\/li>\n<li>Place the year of publication in parentheses after the author&#8217;s last name.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to an author as \u201cthe author\u201d as long as it&#8217;s perfectly clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see references to \u201cresearchers.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Signal Phrase Verb Tense<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>MLA style guidelines:<\/strong> signal phrase verbs are in <strong>present<\/strong> tense.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pollan observes, \u201cAmericans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago\u201d (29).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"no-indent\"><strong>APA style guidelines<\/strong>: signal phrase verbs are in <strong>past<\/strong> or <strong>present perfect<\/strong> tense.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pollan (2009) observed that \u201cAmericans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago\u201d (p. 29).<\/li>\n<li>Pollan (2009) has observed that&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice how each signal phrase\u00a0verb is followed by the word \u201cthat\u201d or a comma, which is then followed by one space before the opening quotation mark.<\/p>\n<p>You may have noticed that in-text citations are formatted differently based on citation style (APA guidelines require placing &#8220;p.&#8221; before the page number, where as MLA guidelines require the page number only). See <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/9-6-apa-citation\/\"><span style=\"color: #800000\">section 12.6<\/span><\/a> for more information on APA in-text citations and <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/9-8\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">section 12.2<\/a><\/span> for MLA citations.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Parts of a signal phrase\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following interactive activities use H5P. While efforts have been made to ensure accessibility, some H5P content may present challenges for users of certain assistive technologies. If you are unable to access or complete the activity, please contact your instructor to request an alternative way to engage with the material.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>This activity asks you to choose the correct answer related to using signal phrases correctly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-59\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"59\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.4 Which sentence contains an MLA signal phrase?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Signal phrases and citations (MLA)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>The following two activities ask you to drag and drop the correct answer related to using signal phrases correctly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-37\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"37\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.4 Signal phrase practice 1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-38\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"38\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.4 Signal phrase practice 2\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Signal phrases and citations (APA)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>This activity asks you to choose the correct answer related to using signal phrases correctly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-65\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"65\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"12.6  APA signal phrases\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Practice &#8211; MLA vs APA signal phrases\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>This activity asks you to choose the correct answer related to using signal phrases correctly in APA or MLA format.<\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-66\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"66\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.4 Signal phrases practice MLA\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-67\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"67\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"12.6 Signal phrase practice APA\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Varying Your Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">You should also vary your\u00a0signal phrase\u00a0verbs (rather than simply using \u201cstates\u201d throughout your entire essay) in order to maintain your readers\u2019 interest and to indicate the author\u2019s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong\u00a0signal phrase\u00a0verbs.<\/p>\n<div class=\"apa-signal-phrases\">\n<h2>MLA Signal Phrase Verbs<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"ccqruz\" data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"59\">\n<p data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"59\">Acknowledges<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"5m89n3\" data-start=\"60\" data-end=\"70\">\n<p data-start=\"62\" data-end=\"70\">Agrees<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"78d53i\" data-start=\"71\" data-end=\"81\">\n<p data-start=\"73\" data-end=\"81\">Admits<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"l95ce7\" data-start=\"82\" data-end=\"92\">\n<p data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"92\">Argues<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1q2ikqh\" data-start=\"93\" data-end=\"104\">\n<p data-start=\"95\" data-end=\"104\">Asserts<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"vstyrz\" data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"117\">\n<p data-start=\"107\" data-end=\"117\">Believes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"e1oghd\" data-start=\"118\" data-end=\"128\">\n<p data-start=\"120\" data-end=\"128\">Claims<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"v1ztyg\" data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"141\">\n<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"141\">Comments<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"a5z95o\" data-start=\"142\" data-end=\"154\">\n<p data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"154\">Compares<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"s4nujt\" data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"167\">\n<p data-start=\"157\" data-end=\"167\">Confirms<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"8y30i\" data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"180\">\n<p data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"180\">Contends<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"14p63m7\" data-start=\"181\" data-end=\"193\">\n<p data-start=\"183\" data-end=\"193\">Counters<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1tz1d2b\" data-start=\"194\" data-end=\"206\">\n<p data-start=\"196\" data-end=\"206\">Declares<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"15j6e9k\" data-start=\"207\" data-end=\"217\">\n<p data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"217\">Denies<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"q9cqk1\" data-start=\"218\" data-end=\"230\">\n<p data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"230\">Disputes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1yqg72n\" data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"245\">\n<p data-start=\"233\" data-end=\"245\">Emphasizes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"14aaqxq\" data-start=\"246\" data-end=\"255\">\n<p data-start=\"248\" data-end=\"255\">Finds<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"key7ia\" data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"271\">\n<p data-start=\"258\" data-end=\"271\">Illustrates<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1cv83an\" data-start=\"272\" data-end=\"283\">\n<p data-start=\"274\" data-end=\"283\">Implies<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"i20add\" data-start=\"284\" data-end=\"295\">\n<p data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"295\">Insists<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"z3cfc2\" data-start=\"296\" data-end=\"309\">\n<p data-start=\"298\" data-end=\"309\">Maintains<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"dgwaip\" data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"322\">\n<p data-start=\"312\" data-end=\"322\">Mentions<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"fv38yz\" data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"332\">\n<p data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"332\">Notes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"pjjffl\" data-start=\"333\" data-end=\"345\">\n<p data-start=\"335\" data-end=\"345\">Observes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"13afizd\" data-start=\"346\" data-end=\"360\">\n<p data-start=\"348\" data-end=\"360\">Points out<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1nqfjnj\" data-start=\"361\" data-end=\"372\">\n<p data-start=\"363\" data-end=\"372\">Reasons<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"18q7m4u\" data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"384\">\n<p data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"384\">Refutes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"zct3sk\" data-start=\"385\" data-end=\"396\">\n<p data-start=\"387\" data-end=\"396\">Rejects<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1gco3sl\" data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"408\">\n<p data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"408\">Reports<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"lc34a\" data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"421\">\n<p data-start=\"411\" data-end=\"421\">Responds<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"4g6wfz\" data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"434\">\n<p data-start=\"424\" data-end=\"434\">Suggests<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"12jqfuz\" data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"445\">\n<p data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"445\">Thinks<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"8k39d2\" data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"454\">\n<p data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"454\">Writes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0APA Signal Phrase Verbs<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"ccr7rw\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"16\">\n<p data-start=\"2\" data-end=\"16\">Acknowledged<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1siqmn1\" data-start=\"17\" data-end=\"30\">\n<p data-start=\"19\" data-end=\"30\">Countered<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"fv3lmk\" data-start=\"31\" data-end=\"40\">\n<p data-start=\"33\" data-end=\"40\">Noted<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1qjo9bc\" data-start=\"41\" data-end=\"53\">\n<p data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"53\">Admitted<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1tz1ppw\" data-start=\"54\" data-end=\"66\">\n<p data-start=\"56\" data-end=\"66\">Declared<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"pjjvg6\" data-start=\"67\" data-end=\"79\">\n<p data-start=\"69\" data-end=\"79\">Observed<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"5m8iu0\" data-start=\"80\" data-end=\"90\">\n<p data-start=\"82\" data-end=\"90\">Agreed<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"15j68bz\" data-start=\"91\" data-end=\"101\">\n<p data-start=\"93\" data-end=\"101\">Denied<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"qjtebv\" data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"117\">\n<p data-start=\"104\" data-end=\"117\">Pointed out<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"l94rfs\" data-start=\"118\" data-end=\"128\">\n<p data-start=\"120\" data-end=\"128\">Argued<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"q9cfom\" data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"141\">\n<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"141\">Disputed<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1hdp6st\" data-start=\"142\" data-end=\"154\">\n<p data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"154\">Reasoned<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1nfm6jv\" data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"167\">\n<p data-start=\"157\" data-end=\"167\">Asserted<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1yqgg9k\" data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"182\">\n<p data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"182\">Emphasized<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"18q7tqx\" data-start=\"183\" data-end=\"194\">\n<p data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"194\">Refuted<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"vsu7yw\" data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"207\">\n<p data-start=\"197\" data-end=\"207\">Believed<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"yc9l5q\" data-start=\"208\" data-end=\"217\">\n<p data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"217\">Found<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"u8jbk6\" data-start=\"218\" data-end=\"230\">\n<p data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"230\">Rejected<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"11chhnn\" data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"242\">\n<p data-start=\"233\" data-end=\"242\">Claimed<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"keylud\" data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"258\">\n<p data-start=\"245\" data-end=\"258\">Illustrated<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"mv1vtz\" data-start=\"259\" data-end=\"271\">\n<p data-start=\"261\" data-end=\"271\">Reported<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"a5yt8r\" data-start=\"272\" data-end=\"284\">\n<p data-start=\"274\" data-end=\"284\">Compared<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1cv8988\" data-start=\"285\" data-end=\"296\">\n<p data-start=\"287\" data-end=\"296\">Implied<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"jkf4xk\" data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"310\">\n<p data-start=\"299\" data-end=\"310\">Responded<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"4vtnej\" data-start=\"311\" data-end=\"324\">\n<p data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"324\">Confirmed<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"rlsfbn\" data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"337\">\n<p data-start=\"327\" data-end=\"337\">Insisted<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"4rla99\" data-start=\"338\" data-end=\"351\">\n<p data-start=\"340\" data-end=\"351\">Suggested<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ues1cq\" data-start=\"352\" data-end=\"365\">\n<p data-start=\"354\" data-end=\"365\">Commented<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ll0fyo\" data-start=\"366\" data-end=\"380\">\n<p data-start=\"368\" data-end=\"380\">Maintained<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"6n4hhx\" data-start=\"381\" data-end=\"392\">\n<p data-start=\"383\" data-end=\"392\">Thought<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"87l1gw\" data-start=\"393\" data-end=\"406\">\n<p data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"406\">Contended<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ibfnpv\" data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"420\">\n<p data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"420\">Mentioned<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"17b3ik3\" data-start=\"421\" data-end=\"428\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<p data-start=\"423\" data-end=\"428\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Wrote<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Types of MLA Phrases <\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author\u2019s first <em>and\u00a0<\/em>last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author\u2019s credentials and the title of the source.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">While providing the author\u2019s credentials and title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s credentials are indicated. <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Presenting an author\u2019s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author\u2019s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/glossary\/sources\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">sources<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0Grace Chapmen,\u00a0Curator of Human Health &amp; Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s\u00a0<em>lack of<\/em> credentials is indicated. <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Identifying an author\u2019s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author\u2019s ideas. Pointing to an author\u2019s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0Matthew Spencer,\u00a0whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Author\u2019s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained. <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Explaining the author\u2019s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Employing nonviolent civil disobedience,\u00a0Roland Hayes,\u00a0prominent civil rights activist, preaches\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 90px\">Ralph Spencer,\u00a0who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies\u2026<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Publisher of the source is identified. <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation\/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>According to a recent\u00a0<em>CNN<\/em>\u00a0poll\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Title of the Source is included.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Informs the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example<\/strong>:\u00a0In \u201cUnderstanding Human Behavior,\u201d Riley argues \u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Type:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Information that establishes\u00a0context\u00a0is presented.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Presenting the\u00a0<span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/2-3-how-to-read-rhetorically\/\" style=\"color: #800000\">context<\/a><\/span>\u00a0that the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author\u2019s purpose more clearly.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"no-indent\"><strong>Example:\u00a0<\/strong>In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages \u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["john-lanning","amanda-lloyd","emilie-zickel"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[61,69,63],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-177","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-amanda-lloyd","contributor-emilie-zickel","contributor-john-lanning","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":170,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/177","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":47,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/177\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":723,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/177\/revisions\/723"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/170"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/177\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=177"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=177"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=177"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=177"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}