{"id":201,"date":"2018-06-29T14:59:31","date_gmt":"2018-06-29T14:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/9-6-apa-citation\/"},"modified":"2026-03-11T20:50:47","modified_gmt":"2026-03-11T20:50:47","slug":"9-6-apa-citation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/chapter\/9-6-apa-citation\/","title":{"rendered":"12.6 APA Citations: In-Text Citations"},"content":{"raw":"The purpose of this section is to provide you with information and examples pertaining to APA style in-text citations. It begins with parenthetical citations (those that use parentheses to denote citations in the text), moves into signal phrases citations (those that cite information within sentences), and concludes with a visual annotated example of in-text citations.\r\n<h2><strong>Parenthetical Citations<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nWhen including parenthetical citations, be sure to place a comma between information and place a period after the parenthesis.\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">If there is an author, then place the author\u2019s last name and year of publication inside:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example of a parenthetical citation with an author:\u00a0<\/em>(Smith, 2010).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">If there is no author, then place the source title (with quotation marks and title caps) and the year inside:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example of a parenthetical citation with no author:\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cCats are Great,\u201d 2011).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen citing two or more authors in a parenthetical citation, use an ampersand (&amp;) in place of the word \u201cand.\u201d\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example of the use of an ampersand:\u00a0<\/em>(Kirchoff &amp; Cook, 2016).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen citing two authors, include both of their names in each citation.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example of citing two authors: <\/em>(DePalma &amp; Alexander, 2015).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen citing three or more authors, use the first author\u2019s last name and \u201cet al.\u201d\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example of citations with three or more authors:\u00a0<\/em>(Anderson et al., 2006).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIf you\u2019re directly quoting, then include page numbers\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example direct quote cited with a parenthetical citation with an author: <\/em>Multimodal composing offers students opportunities to make meaning and communicate using affordances that \u201ccould expand that notion of control beyond words on a page\u201d (Takayoshi &amp; Selfe, 2007, p. 2).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nParaphrased information does not require the use of page numbers\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example paraphrased information: <\/em>Some universities have developed laptop programs requiring students to either own or lease laptops (Fried, 2008).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nUse semi colons to demonstrate the use of multiple authors. This is especially useful when many authors have similar arguments or have found similar results.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example of paraphrased information from multiple authors:<\/em>Education embraced emotion research from psychology and argued that emotion affects learning (Efklides &amp; Volet, 2005; Pekrun, 2006; Pekrun, Frenzel, &amp; Peery, 2007)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Signal Phrase Citations<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nUsing signal phrases to cite information means that you add the citation to your sentence(s). This also means that you do not need an additional parenthetical citation.\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Insert the author\u2019s name and year into your sentence to act as a signal phrase.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example of paraphrased information using a signal phrase<\/em>:Sheppard (2009) argues that there is a need for students to adapt to this changing digital landscape.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Example of a direct quote using a signal phrase: <\/em>Moran (2003) argues that some teachers think \u201ctechnology is good and that it will bring good\u201d (p. 344).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nDo not use an ampersand (&amp;) in signal phrases; instead, use the word \u201cand.\u201d\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Example using a signal phrase for two authors: <\/em>Kirchoff and Cook (2016) argue that some overlook the importance of teaching basic computer literacy skills when teaching multimodal composition.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Example of APA Style In-Text Citations <\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/lets-go-shopping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/156\/2019\/08\/In-text-citations-2021-300x243.png\" alt=\"Example of a section titled \u201cDefining the Term \u2018Multimodal\u2019\u201d followed by paragraphs explaining that multimodal composition can include text, images, sound, music, and animation.\" width=\"743\" height=\"602\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-200\" \/>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Practice APA Source Integration<\/p>\r\nThe following interactive activity uses H5P. While efforts have been made to ensure accessibility, some H5P content may present challenges for users of certain assistive technologies. If you are unable to access or complete the activity, please contact your instructor to request an alternative way to engage with the material.\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nIn the following activity, select the correct answers about APA citation practices to test your understanding.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"65\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nFor more information about APA style in-text citations, please visit the OWL of Purdue:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Visit the <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/index.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">\"APA Formatting and Style Guide 7th Edition\"<\/a><\/span> for information about general layout and formatting in an APA paper.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Visit <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/in_text_citations_the_basics.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">\"In-Text Citations: The Basics\"<\/a> <\/span>for information about <\/span>in-text citations<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">, which look quite different than what we see in MLA.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Visit <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/in_text_citations_author_authors.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">\"In-Text Citations: Author\/Authors\"<\/a><\/span> for help understanding how to introduce authors\/sources in APA, which, again, looks different from MLA<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Visit <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/reference_list_basic_rules.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">\"Reference List: The Basics\"<\/a><\/span> for information about APA formatted References, particularly electronic sources (which are what we often use in research projects.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>The purpose of this section is to provide you with information and examples pertaining to APA style in-text citations. It begins with parenthetical citations (those that use parentheses to denote citations in the text), moves into signal phrases citations (those that cite information within sentences), and concludes with a visual annotated example of in-text citations.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Parenthetical Citations<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>When including parenthetical citations, be sure to place a comma between information and place a period after the parenthesis.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">If there is an author, then place the author\u2019s last name and year of publication inside:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example of a parenthetical citation with an author:\u00a0<\/em>(Smith, 2010).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">If there is no author, then place the source title (with quotation marks and title caps) and the year inside:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example of a parenthetical citation with no author:\u00a0<\/em>(\u201cCats are Great,\u201d 2011).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When citing two or more authors in a parenthetical citation, use an ampersand (&amp;) in place of the word \u201cand.\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example of the use of an ampersand:\u00a0<\/em>(Kirchoff &amp; Cook, 2016).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When citing two authors, include both of their names in each citation.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example of citing two authors: <\/em>(DePalma &amp; Alexander, 2015).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When citing three or more authors, use the first author\u2019s last name and \u201cet al.\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example of citations with three or more authors:\u00a0<\/em>(Anderson et al., 2006).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you\u2019re directly quoting, then include page numbers<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example direct quote cited with a parenthetical citation with an author: <\/em>Multimodal composing offers students opportunities to make meaning and communicate using affordances that \u201ccould expand that notion of control beyond words on a page\u201d (Takayoshi &amp; Selfe, 2007, p. 2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Paraphrased information does not require the use of page numbers<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example paraphrased information: <\/em>Some universities have developed laptop programs requiring students to either own or lease laptops (Fried, 2008).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Use semi colons to demonstrate the use of multiple authors. This is especially useful when many authors have similar arguments or have found similar results.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example of paraphrased information from multiple authors:<\/em>Education embraced emotion research from psychology and argued that emotion affects learning (Efklides &amp; Volet, 2005; Pekrun, 2006; Pekrun, Frenzel, &amp; Peery, 2007)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Signal Phrase Citations<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Using signal phrases to cite information means that you add the citation to your sentence(s). This also means that you do not need an additional parenthetical citation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Insert the author\u2019s name and year into your sentence to act as a signal phrase.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example of paraphrased information using a signal phrase<\/em>:Sheppard (2009) argues that there is a need for students to adapt to this changing digital landscape.<\/li>\n<li><em>Example of a direct quote using a signal phrase: <\/em>Moran (2003) argues that some teachers think \u201ctechnology is good and that it will bring good\u201d (p. 344).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Do not use an ampersand (&amp;) in signal phrases; instead, use the word \u201cand.\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Example using a signal phrase for two authors: <\/em>Kirchoff and Cook (2016) argue that some overlook the importance of teaching basic computer literacy skills when teaching multimodal composition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Example of APA Style In-Text Citations <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/lets-go-shopping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/156\/2019\/08\/In-text-citations-2021-300x243.png\" alt=\"Example of a section titled \u201cDefining the Term \u2018Multimodal\u2019\u201d followed by paragraphs explaining that multimodal composition can include text, images, sound, music, and animation.\" width=\"743\" height=\"602\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/156\/2019\/08\/In-text-citations-2021-300x243.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/156\/2019\/08\/In-text-citations-2021-65x53.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/156\/2019\/08\/In-text-citations-2021-225x182.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/156\/2019\/08\/In-text-citations-2021-350x283.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/156\/2019\/08\/In-text-citations-2021.png 729w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Practice APA Source Integration<\/p>\n<p>The following interactive activity uses H5P. While efforts have been made to ensure accessibility, some H5P content may present challenges for users of certain assistive technologies. If you are unable to access or complete the activity, please contact your instructor to request an alternative way to engage with the material.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>In the following activity, select the correct answers about APA citation practices to test your understanding.<\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-65\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"65\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"12.6  APA signal phrases\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For more information about APA style in-text citations, please visit the OWL of Purdue:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Visit the <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/index.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">&#8220;APA Formatting and Style Guide 7th Edition&#8221;<\/a><\/span> for information about general layout and formatting in an APA paper.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Visit <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/in_text_citations_the_basics.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">&#8220;In-Text Citations: The Basics&#8221;<\/a> <\/span>for information about <\/span>in-text citations<span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">, which look quite different than what we see in MLA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Visit <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/in_text_citations_author_authors.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">&#8220;In-Text Citations: Author\/Authors&#8221;<\/a><\/span> for help understanding how to introduce authors\/sources in APA, which, again, looks different from MLA<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Visit <span style=\"color: #800000\"><a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/reference_list_basic_rules.html\" style=\"color: #800000\">&#8220;Reference List: The Basics&#8221;<\/a><\/span> for information about APA formatted References, particularly electronic sources (which are what we often use in research projects.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["melanie-gagich"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[68],"license":[],"class_list":["post-201","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-melanie-gagich"],"part":181,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/201","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":738,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/201\/revisions\/738"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/181"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/201\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=201"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=201"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/csueng100101fall2023\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}