{"id":54,"date":"2020-03-12T17:40:15","date_gmt":"2020-03-12T17:40:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/?post_type=chapter&p=54"},"modified":"2020-04-03T21:15:20","modified_gmt":"2020-04-03T21:15:20","slug":"12-oasis-years-1970-1985","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/chapter\/12-oasis-years-1970-1985\/","title":{"rendered":"12. Oasis Years, 1970-1985"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n\r\nIn the 1970s and early 1980s in University Circle appeared to regain the stability and sense of mission which\u00a0had\u00a0eroded in the 1960s. While serious problems remained, there were two factors which helped restore confidence in the Circle. One was, ironically, the\u00a0rapidly accumulating difficulties of Cleveland\u2019s city government, school system, and industrial base, which put into sharp relief the outstanding achievements of the Circle\u2019s institutions. The Circle seemed to be a cultural oasis in an urban desert. The other factor in the Circle\u2019s revived self-confidence was the growth and new initiatives of many of its institutions. Most visible was the transformation of the University Circle Development Foundation into University Circle, Inc.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nBy the end of the\u00a01960s it was clear that UCDF\u2019s style of operation had alienated the administration, as well as the students and faculty, of the\u00a0newly-federated\u00a0Case Western Reserve University, the keystone of any inter-institutional cooperation in the Circle. In 1969 Paul\u00a0Carr\u00e9, a consultant hired by UCDF, critically analyzed UCDF\u2019s faults and suggested that only an entirely new organization would cure them. He argued for a broader-based institution which would include in its governance representatives of virtually every Circle institution and business, as well as the adjacent neighborhoods.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nCarr\u00e9 addressed his arguments not only to Morse, but also the chairman of the UCDF\u2019s trustees. Raymond Q. Armington.[footnote]Paul D. Carr\u00e9 to Raymond Q, Armington, 1 September 1969, box 8, Robert Morse Office Files (hereafter Morse Office Files), Case Western Reserve University Archives (hereafter CWRU Archives), Cleveland, OH; Gary Griffith, \u201cSecond Draft of the Dream at University Circle,\u201d Cleveland Magazine<\/em> 1 (May 1972): 31.[\/footnote] Carr\u00e9 was a talented writer and impressed people as perceptive, and his vision was supported by a group as diverse as Anthony J. Garofoli, the city councilman for the area, and James Ireland, the son of Mrs. William G. (Elizabeth Ring) Mather.[footnote]Author\u2019s interview of Joseph D. Pigott, 25 July 1986, Accession #A11-010, CWRU Archives. Pigott believed that Garofoli\u2019s presentations to the UCDF trustees were critically important to the development of the new vision.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe first sign of the transformation was in March 1970 when William Treuhaft, a Cleveland industrialist and civic leader, was elected the chairman of the board of UCDF. In May the organization\u2019s name was changed to University Circle Incorporated (UCI), and Joseph D. Pigott, a vice-president of CWRU who had earlier been elected, took over as president. UCI immediately began to expand its membership. A year-and-a-half later it had a board of trustees of 136 members, although the executive committee of the trustees was only a third that size.[footnote]The Observer<\/em>, 17 March 1970; University Circle<\/em>, April 1970, pp. 1-2; Griffith, \u201cSecond Draft of the Dream at University Circle,\u201d p. 32; David D. Van Tassel and John J. Grabowski, eds, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em> (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1987), p. 981.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe transition from UCDP to UCI almost got off on the wrong foot when even before officially entering office Pigott announced that the loop road would be built after all, and the CWRU student newspaper quoted him as saying that \u201ccrossing the Loop Road on the south campus will be a minor inconvenience.\u201d[footnote]The Observer<\/em>, 3 April 1970.[\/footnote] But this revival was soon dropped, and by the fall an officer of UCI told the students that their proposals for new and future uses of Circle facilities would be welcomed.[footnote]Ibid<\/em>, 25 September 1970.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe major blueprint for UCI\u2019s new role came from a study done by Raymond, Parish and Pine, an urban planning firm from White Plains, New York hired by UCI In November 1970.[footnote]Ibid<\/em>, 20 November 1970.[\/footnote] In light of the new attitude at UCI it was appropriate that one of the firm\u2019s most visible acts was to survey student needs for housing and shopping. The campus newspaper editorialized that the students might yet motivate UCI to bring new businesses into the Circle.[footnote]Ibid,<\/em> 5 February 1971, 12 February 1971.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nIn one sense this view was naive, since neither UCI nor UCDP had ever financed new businesses; but to those who blamed UCI for the disappearance of commercial activity in the Circle, it seemed logical that it could bring it back.[footnote]Griffith, \u201cSecond Draft of the Dream at University Circle,\u201d pp. 29-30.[\/footnote] By the spring of 1971 there was also some interest at UCI in the re-commercialization of the Circle, particularly as a result of prodding by Paul Carr\u00e9, who had joined the CWRU administration as an assistant to the president.[footnote]Paul D. Carr\u00e9 to Louis Toepfer, 5 April 1971 and 25 June 1971, box 3, Louis Toepfer Office Files (hereafter Toepfer Office Files), CWRU Archives.[\/footnote] But those discussions led nowhere: in October 1971, the plans for a new center for campus religious organizations called for tearing down the Campus Supermarket.[footnote]The Observer<\/em>, 5 October 1971.[\/footnote] When opened, the Interfaith Plaza was an architectural gem: but the sole grocery store in the Circle had vanished.[footnote]Mary Peale Schofield, Landmark Architecture of Cleveland<\/em> (Pittsburgh, Pa.: Ober Park Associates, 1976), pp. 117-18.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nWhen the Raymond, Parish and Pine study was completed in October 1971 it proposed a five-year plan to radically improve the University Circle environment and to improve its relationships with the adjacent communities. Its report on housing noted that the Circle contained thousands of people during the day, but only 7% of them lived in the Circle at night. Housing in the Circle was relatively cheap, yet unattractive, because of a perceived high crime rate and a lack of amenities in the area.[footnote]The Observer<\/em>, 9 November 1971, 26 February 1972; Development Economics Group of Raymond, Parish and Pine, The Demand for Housing and Commercial Facilities in University Circle<\/em> (Washington: n.p., 1971).[\/footnote] An important aspect of the study was its call for a Circle Center for Community Programs, an attempt to create greater contact between the Circle and the residents of surrounding areas by bussing children to the Circle institutions.[footnote]Raymond, Parish and Pine, Circle Center for Community Programs<\/em> (White Plains, NY: n.p.,1971); Joseph D. Pigott interview. According to one informant, Elizabeth Treuhaft had the original idea for the Circle Center for Community Programs: author\u2019s interview of Richard Tullis, 31 July 1986, Accession #A14-040, CWRU Archives.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nPigott successfully implemented the new agenda for UCI. During the 1970s a variety of partnerships between UCI, community agencies, and government resulted in the creation of over 1000 subsidized housing units, some within and some adjacent to the Circle. Richard Tullis, who joined the board of UCI in 1970 and later became its chairman, had a personal commitment to building low-income housing. In the latter 1960s he was the keystone of an independent project in Hough that built 36 family units. Later Tullis directed UCI\u2019s work with the Hough Area Development Council to construct Community Circle One and Community Circle Two \u2014 apartment complexes on the eastern end of Hough Avenue.[footnote]Tullis interview, 31 July 1986; Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. 525.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe Raymond, Parish and Pine study\u2019s proposal for the Circle Center for Community Programs was quickly implemented by UCI, aided by a three-year $75,000 grant from the Gund Foundation in 1983. From the late 1970s into the 1980s the Center was bringing 60,000 children and adults into the Circle annually.[footnote]Kenneth W. McGovern, \u201cThe Story of UCI: A Private Initiative Model,\u201d read at the Anglo-American Colloquium on Recent British and American Innovations in Urban Policy, Cleveland, Ohio, 13 April 1983; University Circle, Inc., Annual Report 1979<\/em> (Cleveland; University Circle, Inc., 1979), pp. 12-13.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThere was irony in UCI\u2019s greater outreach to the neighboring communities because at the same time they were undergoing a rapid depopulation, part of the general demographic trend in Cleveland and some other American cities of the Northeast and Midwest that suffered significant population loss in the 1970s. Cleveland\u2019s population dropped from 876,050 in 1960, to 750,879 in 1970, and 573,822 in 1980, a 35% decline in 20 years.[footnote]Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. lii; Michael I. White, American Neighborhoods and Residential Differentiation<\/em> (New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 1987), pp. 16, 21-23. Contemporary estimates suggested that after 1980 the greater Cleveland metropolitan area began a long-term population loss, a pattern in common with most of the largest Midwest and Northeast urban areas: William H. Frey, \u201cMigration and Metropolitan Decline in Developed Countries; A Comparative Study,\u201d Population and Development Review<\/em> 14 (December 1988): 602-9; William H. Frey and Alden Speare, Jr., Regional and Metropolitan Growth and Decline in the United States<\/em> (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988), pp. 200, 202, 260.[\/footnote] The core area of the Circle lost 28% of its population from 1960 to 1980, declining from 4,758 to 3,449. Areas adjacent to the Circle were hit harder: the population in the Hough area declined more than 65% from 1960 to 1980,[footnote]David A. Snow and Peter I. Leahy, \u201cA Neighborhood in Transition: Hough, Ohio,\u201d in Edward M. Miggins, ed., A Guide to Studying Neighborhoods and Resources on Cleveland<\/em> (Cleveland: Cleveland Public Library, 1984), pp. 101, 104; Poverty Indicators: Trends 1980-1986, Cuyahoga County, Ohio<\/em> (Cleveland: Council for Economic Opportunities in Greater Cleveland, 1986), pp. 52, 100. Estimates indicated further population decline in the early 1980s: Poverty Indicators<\/em>, p. 100.[\/footnote] and Murray Hill\u2019s population fell 40% during the same period.[footnote]James M. Wood, \u201cLittle Italy Renaissance,\u201d Cleveland Magazine<\/em> (November 1985): 176; U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Censuses of Population and Housing: 1960, Census Tracts, Cleveland, Ohio, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area<\/em> (Washington: Government Publications Office, 1962), p. 27; Ibid, 1980 Census of Population and Housing, Census Tracts, Cleveland, Ohio, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area <\/em>(Washington: Government Publications Office, 1983), p. 19. The \u201ccore area\u201d of the Circle in the U.S. census is tract 1187, bounded by 105th Street on the west, Euclid Avenue on the south and southeast, and Wade Park and Asbury avenues on the north. Estimates suggested a further population decline in the early 1980s: Poverty Indicators<\/em>, p. 105.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe loss of residents could be directly correlated with the loss of housing units in the neighborhoods, many of which were torn down in the name of urban renewal,[footnote]Not only in Cleveland, but in other major American cities, urban renewal projects (which began with the demolition of so-called substandard housing) usually centered on the densest areas of Black residence. In the 1950s and 1960s critics of government programs often commented that \u201curban renewal means Negro removal.\u201d Few of those displaced found adequate housing elsewhere. See: John F. Bauman, Public Housing, Race, and Renewal: Urban Planning in Philadelphia, 1920-1974<\/em> (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), pp. 127, 149-152.[\/footnote] but those who left were also seeking to avoid startling poverty conditions. The neighborhoods adjacent to the Circle (except Murray Hill, which was mid-range) were among the poorest in Cuyahoga County by the 1980s, and Hough, Glenville, and Fairfax experienced family poverty rates above 60%.[footnote]Poverty Indicators<\/em>, pp. 36, 76, 77, 82, 119. The measure of poverty is family income below the poverty level established by the federal government. The census tract for Murray Hill (1188) ranked 188th of 375 tracts in Cuyahoga County for estimated poverty rates in 1986. The incidence of poverty grew nationwide from the mid-1970s through the 1980s and in urban areas was concentrated in a few neighborhoods: Phyllis J. Day, \u201cThe New Poor in America: Isolationism in an International Political Economy,\u0313\u201d Social Work<\/em> 34 (May 1989): 227-28; White, American Neighborhoods<\/em>, p. 33.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe city government failed to cope with declining population and increasing poverty during the 1970s and early 1980s. Both factors created a weakening of tax revenues, and contributed to the city\u2019s inability to maintain services at previous levels. By 1978 the city\u2019s budget was a shambles and it defaulted on its loans, becoming known nationally for its financial failure. The voters approved a 50% increase in the city income tax in 1980, and restored the city to solvency, but the long-term decay of the parks, streets, and buildings was barely arrested, let alone reversed, in the next few years.[footnote]Encyclopedia of Cleveland History,<\/em>\u00a0pp. liii-lv, 753-54.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe Circle became a visible oasis amid the decaying city in part because UCI and other organizations began to assume what were formerly city responsibilities. In 1970 the city gave UCI a 99-year lease on Wade Oval in return for UCI\u2019s acceptance of the responsibility for keeping Wade Park landscaped,[footnote]Author\u2019s interview of Murray Davidson, 6, 15, 27 February 1985, Accession #A14-040, CWRU Archives; Irma Bartell, \u201cUniversity Circle Calls for Attention,\u201d The Plain Dealer<\/em>, 22 November 1985; University Circle, Inc., Annual Report 1983<\/em> (Cleveland: University Circle, Inc., 1983), p. 19.[\/footnote] an astonishing admission by the city that it could not maintain a park in the heart of one of the city\u2019s showpiece areas. In UCI\u2019s view the city\u2019s near paralysis forced it to \u201cnegotiate and cajole\u201d improvements in University Circle that helped create and maintain an environment in the Circle worthy of the institutions located there.[footnote]Annual Report 1979<\/em>, p. 10. In 1985 UCI Vice-President Murray Davidson stated that \u201cOne of UCI\u2019s functions is to lobby the city for the Circle, and over time we\u2019ve been very successful\u201d: Murray Davidson interview.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nUCI\u2019s work in Wade Oval was successful. David Swetland of the Lester M. Sears Foundation brought in a landscape architect who laid out the plantings in a simple but elegant design, and the three institutions adjacent to the park (Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and Garden Center of Greater Cleveland) agreed to share the costs of annual maintenance. In the 1980s UCI coordinated the rehabilitation of Rockefeller Park along the western border of the Circle with the aid of an anonymous philanthropist.[footnote]Murray Davidson interview. The Lester M. Sears Foundation donated $100,000 for the landscape design and initial plantings of the rehabilitated Wade Park. On the Sears Foundation see Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. 626.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe general improvement of the Circle was aided by a 25-member University Circle Council established in 1983 and largely composed of prominent Cleveland women who identified areas that were eyesores or safety hazards. They promoted the development of better lighting, and the removal or replacement of overgrown shrubbery and fencing in order to discourage nighttime crimes in the Circle.[footnote]Murray Davidson interview; Richard Tullis interview; Bartell, \u201cUniversity Circle Calls for Attention.\u201d While a major reason for improved lighting was greater safety, artful illumination of the facades of the major architectural features of the Circle was another thrust of the Council\u2019s work. On the illumination of the Art Museum, see The Observer<\/em>, 6 December 1985.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nCrime in University Circle was perhaps one of the most vexing problems which UCI had to face. Despite the fact that the Circle was one of the safest districts in the city, and that the UCI police force provided more intensive coverage than the city police department could, the Circle had a reputation as a dangerous place to be, particularly at night.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe image of the Circle as dangerous became current in the 1950s as Hough and Doan\u2019s Corners became areas of racial mixing. The six unsolved bombings in residential areas adjacent to the Circle in 1952-54 were thought to be a racially-motivated response to that change.[footnote]Kenneth W. Rose, \u201cThe Cleveland Community Relations Board and the Politics of Race Relations, 1945-1963,\u201d presented at the Ohio Academy of History, April 1989. The bombings included the new site of the Mt. Zion Congregational Church on Magnolia Drive: Mt. Zion Congregational Church, 125th Anniversary Observance, 1864-1989<\/em> (Cleveland: n.p., 1989).[\/footnote] Then in 1966 a woman who was a member of the Cleveland Orchestra chorus was raped and murdered at the south end of the lagoon as she walked to a performance at Severance Hall one evening. The ensuing widespread newspaper publicity tended to suggest that the murderer (though he was never found) was a male from the Hough neighborhood, playing on the volatile issue of Black men victimizing white women.[footnote]The Cleveland Plain Dealer<\/em> and the Cleveland Press<\/em> began extensive newspaper coverage of the murder of Marjorie A. Winbigler on November 7, 1966, and continued almost daily stories for three weeks, Several northern Ohio newspapers also picked up the story and followed it. Press clipping book, 1966, Musical Arts Association Archives, Severance Hall, Cleveland, OH.[\/footnote] In any case the violent death of a cultured women in one of the most picturesque spots in the city verified for many Clevelanders and suburbanites their growing fear that no one was safe anywhere in Cleveland, and that visitors to the Circle were particularly vulnerable. This fear persisted into the 1980s.[footnote]Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. 307; interview with Rev. Albert Jeandheur (senior minister, Church of the Covenant), by Elizabeth (Liz) Palay, 2 July 1986, in author\u2019s files.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe largest nighttime population on the campus was the students. When a committee of students and the university administration considered safety in 1968 they seemed most daunted by being \u201caccosted by Negroes\u201d as they walked to the bank or post office on the eastern edge of the Circle. In a revealing statement of the \u201cthem\u201d and \u201cus\u201d situation as they saw it, the committee argued that\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
[UCDF police] officers must be physically able to thwart the attempts of Hough toughs to operate criminally within the Circle. They must <\/span>also possess the patience, intelligence, and discretion to deal with <\/span>exuberant students and eccentric faculty members without alienating <\/span>the academic community.[footnote]University Student Services Committee, \u201cSafety in the University Circles\u201d 18 April 1968, box 3, John S. Millis Chancellor Files (hereafter Millis Chancellor Files), CWRU Archives.[\/footnote]<\/span><\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nConsidering this suggested policy, whereby Hough residents were to be coped with by force, but faculty and students humored, it is no wonder that a 1977 study of American urban life which recognized the great cultural value of the Circle, also stated categorically that \u201ca pall of fear has lain over [the Circle], and its value as an open space has been negated.\u201d[footnote]August Heckscher, Open Spaces: The Life of American Cities<\/em> (New York: Harper and Row, 1977).[\/footnote] Clearly, for many citizens crime in the Circle was conceived of primarily as a racial matter, and so long as it was, the actual extent and causes of crime received secondary consideration.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nPerceived changes in the crime rate of the Circle probably were related largely to the same forces that drove rates up throughout urban America in the 1960s and 1970s: a large increase in the population of 18-24 year-olds (who committed most of the crimes); skyrocketing drug usage; and high unemployment rates in inner-city neighborhoods.[footnote]Jon C. Teaford, The Twentieth-Century American City; Problem, Promise, and Reality<\/em> (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 134-36.[\/footnote] To combat these trends UCI increased the size of its police force to twenty-eight officers and employed increasingly sophisticated technology for communication and surveillance. While the already modest crime rates in the Circle did decline in the mid-1980s, that may have been largely the result of the depopulation of the surrounding neighborhoods rather than increased policing.[footnote]University Circle Incorporated, Annual Report 1983<\/em> (Cleveland: UCI, 1983), p. 19; University Circle Incorporated, Annual Report 1985<\/em> (Cleveland: UCI, 1986), p. 19; Case Western Reserve University, Annual Report 1984-85<\/em> (Cleveland: CWRU, 1985), p. 26; Campus News<\/em>, 6 November 1985, pp. 1, 7. Nationally, there was a five-year decline (1982-86) in the number of crimes reported to the Bureau of Census\u2019s National Crime Survey, but slight increases in 1987-88: The Citizen Resister<\/em> (Gannett Westchester [Westchester County, N.Y.] Newspapers), April 10, 1989.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nWhile UCI under the leadership of Treuhaft, Tullis, and Pigott adjusted to the new realities of urban America by developing better relationships with the neighboring communities, by working with an almost moribund city government, and by struggling to control crime, the institutions within the Circle generally thrived. UCI helped make the Circle an oasis of stability within a city otherwise undergoing painful changes.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe Cleveland Museum of Art continued to flourish under directors Sherman E. Lee (1958-83), and Evan H. Turner (appointed in 1983). Lee emphasized Oriental art, making Cleveland world-renowned in that area, but purchased major works in almost every recognized area of art. Time<\/em> magazine called Lee\u2019s $5 million in acquisitions in 1966 \u201cunparalleled in U.S. museum history.\u201d[footnote]Quoted in Diana Tittle, \u201cThe Agony and the Ecstasy of Sherman E. Lee,\u201d Cleveland Magazine<\/em> (January 1979): 61.[\/footnote] Lee described his collecting policies as based on the assumption that \u201cin the long run our judgment depends on discrimination \u2014 itself the result of a consciously exercised catholic taste, resting on a touchstone of nuance.\u201d[footnote]Sherman E. Lee, \u201cThe Art Museum and Antiquity,\u201d Apollo<\/em> 7 (December 1963): 435.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThis statement indicated that the museum, under Lee, took the position that the museum was to be guided by aesthetic principles and not social needs. Neither the trustees nor Cleveland\u2019s ethnic groups received special attention: there was no attempt to attract attention by \u201chappenings\u201d in the Fine Arts Garden, flower-arranging courses, trips abroad for members, balls or cocktail parties in the galleries. As one local writer put it; \u201cCleveland\u2019s museum is convinced that its aristocratic defense of the faith serves the public good better, in the long run, than the m\u00e9lange<\/em> of programs served up in the name of democracy.\u201d[footnote]Adele Z. Silver, \u201cKeeping Behind the Times in Cleveland,\u201d Reporter<\/em> 36 (June 29, 1967): 40-42, quote on p. 42. By the mid-1980s flashy events underwritten by major corporations were the rule at many American museums: \u201cA Word from our Sponsor,\u201d Newsweek<\/em> (November 25. 1985), pp. 96-98.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nWhen Lee left the museum in 1983 it was ranked one of the best in the world. It was the largest American art museum without an admission fee and had a strong education department. But in the judgment of a major art world publication Lee had \u201cmade relatively little effort to reach out to the community and build new audiences for the museum.\u201d[footnote]Art News<\/em> 82 (April 1983): 105. It was characteristic of Sherman Lee that when Isamu Noguchi\u2019s gigantic modern sculpture \u201cThe Portal\u201d was installed in downtown Cleveland, Lee judged it one of the most important new monuments in the United States, while public reaction was largely negative: Encyclopedia of Cleveland History,<\/em>\u00a0p. 53.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nEvan H. Turner did not announce an immediate change in museum policies, but some differences in style were soon apparent. There was a greater emphasis on nineteenth-and twentieth-century art, although Turner shared Lee\u2019s interest in Oriental works. In 1984 the museum opened a new wing, permitting a considerable expansion of its library and adding nine galleries to the exhibition space.[footnote]Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cAnnual Report for 1984,\u201d Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art<\/em> (July 1985): 244, 260, 263.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nOne of the unique programs of the museum was its joint graduate studies program with Case Western Reserve University. From 1968 to 1984 the program awarded over a hundred graduate degrees in art history, providing the students with both classroom preparation and curatorial experience in the museum galleries. Its alumni were teachers and museum staff at leading institutions in the United States and abroad.[footnote]Harvey Buchanan, \u201cThe Joint CMA\/CWRU Program in Art History,\u201d typescript prepared for the North Central Self Study Committee, December 5, 1984, in author\u2019s files.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe Cleveland Orchestra also flourished during the 1970s and early 1980s. Certainly the death of conductor George Szell in 1970 was the end of an era, because no one could easily match the eminence he had reached during his twenty-four year tenure with the orchestra. His disciplined approach to music gave the orchestra a distinctive sound that was admired world-wide: many observers argued that under Szell\u2019s direction it was simply the best modern orchestra.[footnote]Time<\/em> (February 22, 1963), pp. 58-65; \u201cThe Grace of the Moment\u201d The New Yorker<\/em> (November 6, 1965), pp. 59-85; Encyclopedia of Cleveland History,<\/em>\u00a0p. 947.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nUnder director Lorin Maazel (1972-82) the orchestra struggled to maintain that distinction. In the style of many other modern performers, Maazel\u2019s commitment to Cleveland was only part-time: he was also director of the Vienna State Opera. Some critics saw a deterioration of the orchestra\u2019s quality and traced it to Maazel\u2019s divided loyalties. On the other hand, a world-wide surge in funding for music, and the growth in the number of American orchestras in this period made it far more difficult for any orchestra to remain incomparably excellent. Maazel was succeeded as director by Christoph von Dohnanyi, who seemed to bring a new clarity to the orchestra\u2019s image and program.[footnote]Encyclopedia of Cleveland History,<\/em>\u00a0p. 706.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nPerhaps the orchestra\u2019s most important new direction was its performances at the Blossom Music Center in the Cuyahoga National Recreation Area south of Cleveland. One of the new American outdoor performance pavilions (such as Wolf Trap Farm and Tanglewood), the opening of Blossom by the Musical Arts Association in 1968 permitted summer performances in which thousands could hear the orchestra (and popular entertainers) in a bucolic setting.[footnote]Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, pp. 257, 708.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe Musical Arts Association also attempted to draw new audiences (and new income) to Severance Hall by sponsoring ethnic nights.[footnote]Business Week<\/em> (October 23, 1971), p. 94.[\/footnote] Fundamentally, however, the Orchestra was a money-losing proposition into the mid-1970s. General Manager A. Beverly Barksdale noted in 1971 that \u201cBefore the orchestra plays a note, we are thirty thousand dollars a week in the red.\u201d[footnote]The New Yorker<\/em> (May 30, 1970), p. 57.[\/footnote] In 1978 the Musical Arts Association (the orchestra\u2019s parent organization) raised $1 million to match an equal grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, which gave the orchestra a stronger financial base.[footnote]\u201cThe Orchestra at 60,\u201d supplement to The Plain Dealer<\/em>, December 10, 1978, pp. 12-13.[\/footnote] Four years later the National Endowment from the Arts gave a $1 million grant provided that the Musical Arts Association would raise an additional $3 million for the orchestra\u2019s endowment.[footnote]Musical Arts Association, Annual Report 1982-1983<\/em> (Cleveland: Musical Arts Association, 1983), p. 14.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nFund-raising generally became a major concern of the Circle institutions, since the city itself was no longer the residence of most potential donors, and their loyalty could not be taken for granted. The residents of the city\u2019s suburbs, businesses, and local and national foundations became important sources of funding as professional fund-raisers were hired and development offices were created.[footnote]See David Hammack, \u201cPhilanthropy,\u201d Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, pp. 764-68.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThis preoccupation with finances had been foreshadowed at Case Western Reserve University with the forced departure of President Morse in 1970. In the latter 1960s the university had consistently outspent its income, and had begun to invade its endowment. Morse blamed these problems on unavoidable rises in costs and reductions in income, such as cutbacks in federal student aid, the reduction in federal research funding, general price increases, and necessary increases in salaries and benefits. He argued for greater financial stringency, but believed that educational priorities superseded financial ones.[footnote]Clarence H. Cramer, Case Western Reserve University: A History of the University, 1826-1976<\/em> (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1976), p. 284; Robert W. Morse, memorandum to heads of academic divisions, April 2, 1970, box 6, Robert W. Morse Office Files (hereafter Morse Office Files), CWRU Archives.[\/footnote] He went so far as to say that \u201ca university with a deficit is a university worth caring about.\u201d[footnote]Cramer, Case Western Reserve,<\/em>\u00a0p. 285.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nIn the fall of 1970 the executive committee of the trustees of the university met to vote on a motion that Morse be asked to resign, noting that he had refused to further reduce the planned budget deficit for that year, and that in their opinion \u201cthe president cannot cope effectively with his fiscal and fund-raising responsibilities.\u201d[footnote]Statement by chair of the Case Western Reserve University trustees on behalf of the executive committee, October 1, 1970, box 6, Morse Office Files.[\/footnote] The trustees shortly backed up the executive committee and Morse resigned.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe new acting president of the university, soon to be president in fact, was Louis Toepfer, Dean of the School of Law who had shown financial probity by bringing in the just-completed building for the School under budget during a time of inflation. He justified the faith of the trustees by making every effort to balance the budget, and by making his commitment clear to the entire community by such measures as reducing lighting in hallways and classrooms and turning off the hot water in non-residential buildings.[footnote]Cramer, Case Western Reserve<\/em>, pp. 288-92; Clarence H. Cramer, Case Institute of Technology: A Centennial History, 1880-1980<\/em> (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, 1980), p. 253. The author recalls his surprise in finding the hot water turned on again in his office building, Mather House, sometime in 1981.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nPaper-thin budget surpluses were achieved after 1972, but many questioned the cost in terms of the educational mission and staff morale. Toepfer\u2019s successor in 1981, David Ragone, continued the policy (apparently a dictum of the trustees) of achieving an annual balanced budget. Neither president was known for sustaining leadership in academics; in fact, both chose the elimination of departments and programs as one of their major austerity measures.[footnote]Cramer, Case Western Reserve<\/em>, pp. 292-93; \u201cHard Times at CWRU,\u201d and \u201cRagone: After five years at the helm, CWRU chief still a puzzle,\u201d The Plain Dealer<\/em>, March 10, 1985; \u201cFaculty Senate favors closing library school,\u201d Campus News<\/em>, February 20, 1985; Louis A. Toepfer, Objectives for the University, 1975-1980: A Report to the Board of Trustees<\/em> (Cleveland: CWRU, 1974), p. 20.[\/footnote] But those who believed that the survival of the university had been at stake in the financial crisis in 1970 saw the continued viability of Case Western Reserve as confirmation of higher education\u2019s need to place fiscal responsibility (some said corporate values) before educational vision.[footnote]See a theme issue, \u201cThe Corporate University,\u201d Academe: Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors<\/em> 75 (January-February 1989), esp. Roger Rollin, \u201cThere\u2019s No<\/em> Business Like Education,\u201d pp. 14-17.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nIt was in fact the apparent stability of the university, the Museum of Art, and the Orchestra in the face of the general decline of Cleveland, which led many to regard the Circle as a comparatively fertile oasis which could sustain new ventures. There were several new directions visible in the Circle by the mid-1980s which brought a sense of optimism to the area that ran counter to the general tenor of the city.\r\n
\r\n\r\nPerhaps the most significant was the creation of Doan Center, Inc., a private consortium on the model of University Circle, Inc. focusing on the environs of the Cleveland Clinic, which was centered at Euclid Avenue and East 92 Street. Founded in 1984, Doan Center attempted to develop a framework for the rapid expansion of the Clinic (largely in the direction of the Circle) which would be consonant with the plans of other institutions in the area, including CWRU, the State of Ohio (which was building the W.O. Walker Rehabilitation Clinic at Euclid Avenue and 105th Street) and various churches and civic groups.[footnote]\u201cCivic Expansion Could Spark a Renaissance,\u201d Cleveland Press<\/em>, November 11, 1980; \u201cBeyond the Threshold,\u201d supplement to The Plain Dealer<\/em>, November 1980; \u201cFascinating Pyramid Anchors Clinic Campus,\u201d The Plain Dealer<\/em> Magazine, October 20, 1985.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nSimilar to\u00a0UCI, Doan Center worked with a master plan for institutional growth and the development of an appropriate\u00a0infrastructure for it. That meant the demolition of some residences and the remnant of the old commercial district at Euclid Avenue and East\u00a0105th Street.\u00a0Learning from UCI\u2019s sometimes difficult relationships with residential areas, Doan Center also moved to support the creation of commercial centers and housing in areas congruent with\u00a0its\u00a0overall plan.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe first director of Doan Center was Kenneth McGovern, formerly a Vice-President of Community Development with UCI. He saw the role of Doan Center as providing a higher standard of service than the city could provide for the area. That is, in order for the Cleveland Clinic \u2014 a provider of some of the best medical care in the world \u2014 to have an environment which was safe and attractive for its staff and clients, it had to assist in creating the private police service, park areas, and commercial districts that were important \u00a0to them. Certainly the staff and clientele of the world-famous Clinic had expectations which exceeded the standard of normal city services.[footnote]Author\u2019s interview of Kenneth W. McGovern, June 4, 1985, in author\u2019s files.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nAnother area which underwent rapid change by 1985 was Murray Hill, which had become a mecca for artists, adding to its already well-known reputation as a restaurant center. It was at the time, according to one writer, the only ethnic neighborhood in Cleveland where retail space was fully rented and continually in demand. An annual public tour of artist\u2019s studios that began about 1980 quickly became a major Cleveland attraction.[footnote]Wood, \u201cLittle Italy Renaissance,\u201d 76-81, 172-80; Little Italy Redevelopment Association, A 1981-82 Guide to Little Italy<\/em> (Cleveland: LIRA, 1982). Norman Krumholz, director of city planning for Cleveland 1969-79, pushed for a redevelopment strategy based on neighborhoods with some success, but could not divert Cleveland leaders from continuing to focus on large-scale, high-cost projects in both urban centers and neighborhoods: Norman Krumholz and Susan Hoffmann, \u201cRevitalizing Urban Centers: Business and Neighborhoods,\u201d National Civic Review<\/em> (March 1979): 130-35; \u201cKing Plaza: Failed Ghetto-Gilding,\u201d The Plain Dealer<\/em>, November 30, 1978; Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. liii.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe revival of Murray Hill was the most dramatic residential change in the area of the Circle, but other changes suggested a possible change in the perception that the Circle was not a good place to live. The Park Lane Villa, a luxury hotel built off East 107th Street in 1923, was restored. A mansion on Magnolia Road, in the heart of the old Wade Allotment, was converted to condominiums. A warehouse at 116th Street and Euclid was renovated and turned into apartments for the handicapped. Plans were being drawn in 1985 for a mixed commercial-residential complex at the Mayfield Road-Euclid Avenue triangle that had been vacant since cleared in 1968.[footnote]Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. 524; Campus News<\/em>, August 22, 1984, April 2, 1986; Annual Report for 1985<\/em>, pp. 4-5. A critique of the interaction between UCI, the private developer, and city government regarding the Mayfield Road-Euclid Avenue triangle may be found in Point of View<\/em> (Cleveland, OH), March 22, 1986, April 5, 1986, June 28, 1986.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nCircle institutions, after a period of minimal growth in the 1970s, began to expand again in the better national economic climate of 1980s. In addition to the new wing of the Museum of Art, the Western Reserve Historical Society opened a new library building on the site of three long-demolished Wade Allotment mansions. The Cleveland Institute of Art remodeled the old Ford Motor Company assembly plant on Euclid Avenue as artists\u2019 studios and classrooms: students promptly dubbed it \u201cThe Factory,\u201d loving its expansive interiors and admiring its Albert Kahn design of 1913. A new Children\u2019s Museum was readied for opening at the western gateway to the Circle, near Euclid Avenue and East 107th. At the eastern gateway UCI opened new offices in a remodeled building on Euclid Avenue near East 120th Street.[footnote]Annual Report 1983<\/em>, pp. 8-9; Annual Report 1985<\/em>, pp. 6-7; Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, pp. 244, 1041.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nBy\u00a01985\u00a0it was\u00a0clear that University Circle was the hub of Cleveland\u2019s culture. Private philanthropy, in part coordinated by University Circle, Inc. but energizing\u00a0all of\u00a0the Circle institutions, was leading\u00a0its\u00a0growth and development. The citizens\u00a0of Cleveland could take advantage of some of the leading organizations of the world in art, music, and natural history; national leaders in education and medicine; and regional leaders in historical preservation and social services.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nAs a whole the\u00a0Circle had many architectural masterpieces and was restoring its parklands. There were leading institutions of worship and important foci of science, technology, theater, dance, and studio arts. Numerous lectures, performances, lessons, exhibits, medical treatments and consultations with experts of all sorts, drew Clevelanders and visitors from around the world to University Circle.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nFor all those who came to know it,\u00a0the Circle was a treasure to be used and preserved for future generations.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
\n

In the 1970s and early 1980s in University Circle appeared to regain the stability and sense of mission which\u00a0had\u00a0eroded in the 1960s. While serious problems remained, there were two factors which helped restore confidence in the Circle. One was, ironically, the\u00a0rapidly accumulating difficulties of Cleveland\u2019s city government, school system, and industrial base, which put into sharp relief the outstanding achievements of the Circle\u2019s institutions. The Circle seemed to be a cultural oasis in an urban desert. The other factor in the Circle\u2019s revived self-confidence was the growth and new initiatives of many of its institutions. Most visible was the transformation of the University Circle Development Foundation into University Circle, Inc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

By the end of the\u00a01960s it was clear that UCDF\u2019s style of operation had alienated the administration, as well as the students and faculty, of the\u00a0newly-federated\u00a0Case Western Reserve University, the keystone of any inter-institutional cooperation in the Circle. In 1969 Paul\u00a0Carr\u00e9, a consultant hired by UCDF, critically analyzed UCDF\u2019s faults and suggested that only an entirely new organization would cure them. He argued for a broader-based institution which would include in its governance representatives of virtually every Circle institution and business, as well as the adjacent neighborhoods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Carr\u00e9 addressed his arguments not only to Morse, but also the chairman of the UCDF\u2019s trustees. Raymond Q. Armington.[1]<\/sup><\/a> Carr\u00e9 was a talented writer and impressed people as perceptive, and his vision was supported by a group as diverse as Anthony J. Garofoli, the city councilman for the area, and James Ireland, the son of Mrs. William G. (Elizabeth Ring) Mather.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The first sign of the transformation was in March 1970 when William Treuhaft, a Cleveland industrialist and civic leader, was elected the chairman of the board of UCDF. In May the organization\u2019s name was changed to University Circle Incorporated (UCI), and Joseph D. Pigott, a vice-president of CWRU who had earlier been elected, took over as president. UCI immediately began to expand its membership. A year-and-a-half later it had a board of trustees of 136 members, although the executive committee of the trustees was only a third that size.[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The transition from UCDP to UCI almost got off on the wrong foot when even before officially entering office Pigott announced that the loop road would be built after all, and the CWRU student newspaper quoted him as saying that \u201ccrossing the Loop Road on the south campus will be a minor inconvenience.\u201d[4]<\/sup><\/a> But this revival was soon dropped, and by the fall an officer of UCI told the students that their proposals for new and future uses of Circle facilities would be welcomed.[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The major blueprint for UCI\u2019s new role came from a study done by Raymond, Parish and Pine, an urban planning firm from White Plains, New York hired by UCI In November 1970.[6]<\/sup><\/a> In light of the new attitude at UCI it was appropriate that one of the firm\u2019s most visible acts was to survey student needs for housing and shopping. The campus newspaper editorialized that the students might yet motivate UCI to bring new businesses into the Circle.[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

In one sense this view was naive, since neither UCI nor UCDP had ever financed new businesses; but to those who blamed UCI for the disappearance of commercial activity in the Circle, it seemed logical that it could bring it back.[8]<\/sup><\/a> By the spring of 1971 there was also some interest at UCI in the re-commercialization of the Circle, particularly as a result of prodding by Paul Carr\u00e9, who had joined the CWRU administration as an assistant to the president.[9]<\/sup><\/a> But those discussions led nowhere: in October 1971, the plans for a new center for campus religious organizations called for tearing down the Campus Supermarket.[10]<\/sup><\/a> When opened, the Interfaith Plaza was an architectural gem: but the sole grocery store in the Circle had vanished.[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

When the Raymond, Parish and Pine study was completed in October 1971 it proposed a five-year plan to radically improve the University Circle environment and to improve its relationships with the adjacent communities. Its report on housing noted that the Circle contained thousands of people during the day, but only 7% of them lived in the Circle at night. Housing in the Circle was relatively cheap, yet unattractive, because of a perceived high crime rate and a lack of amenities in the area.[12]<\/sup><\/a> An important aspect of the study was its call for a Circle Center for Community Programs, an attempt to create greater contact between the Circle and the residents of surrounding areas by bussing children to the Circle institutions.[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Pigott successfully implemented the new agenda for UCI. During the 1970s a variety of partnerships between UCI, community agencies, and government resulted in the creation of over 1000 subsidized housing units, some within and some adjacent to the Circle. Richard Tullis, who joined the board of UCI in 1970 and later became its chairman, had a personal commitment to building low-income housing. In the latter 1960s he was the keystone of an independent project in Hough that built 36 family units. Later Tullis directed UCI\u2019s work with the Hough Area Development Council to construct Community Circle One and Community Circle Two \u2014 apartment complexes on the eastern end of Hough Avenue.[14]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The Raymond, Parish and Pine study\u2019s proposal for the Circle Center for Community Programs was quickly implemented by UCI, aided by a three-year $75,000 grant from the Gund Foundation in 1983. From the late 1970s into the 1980s the Center was bringing 60,000 children and adults into the Circle annually.[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

There was irony in UCI\u2019s greater outreach to the neighboring communities because at the same time they were undergoing a rapid depopulation, part of the general demographic trend in Cleveland and some other American cities of the Northeast and Midwest that suffered significant population loss in the 1970s. Cleveland\u2019s population dropped from 876,050 in 1960, to 750,879 in 1970, and 573,822 in 1980, a 35% decline in 20 years.[16]<\/sup><\/a> The core area of the Circle lost 28% of its population from 1960 to 1980, declining from 4,758 to 3,449. Areas adjacent to the Circle were hit harder: the population in the Hough area declined more than 65% from 1960 to 1980,[17]<\/sup><\/a> and Murray Hill\u2019s population fell 40% during the same period.[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The loss of residents could be directly correlated with the loss of housing units in the neighborhoods, many of which were torn down in the name of urban renewal,[19]<\/sup><\/a> but those who left were also seeking to avoid startling poverty conditions. The neighborhoods adjacent to the Circle (except Murray Hill, which was mid-range) were among the poorest in Cuyahoga County by the 1980s, and Hough, Glenville, and Fairfax experienced family poverty rates above 60%.[20]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The city government failed to cope with declining population and increasing poverty during the 1970s and early 1980s. Both factors created a weakening of tax revenues, and contributed to the city\u2019s inability to maintain services at previous levels. By 1978 the city\u2019s budget was a shambles and it defaulted on its loans, becoming known nationally for its financial failure. The voters approved a 50% increase in the city income tax in 1980, and restored the city to solvency, but the long-term decay of the parks, streets, and buildings was barely arrested, let alone reversed, in the next few years.[21]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The Circle became a visible oasis amid the decaying city in part because UCI and other organizations began to assume what were formerly city responsibilities. In 1970 the city gave UCI a 99-year lease on Wade Oval in return for UCI\u2019s acceptance of the responsibility for keeping Wade Park landscaped,[22]<\/sup><\/a> an astonishing admission by the city that it could not maintain a park in the heart of one of the city\u2019s showpiece areas. In UCI\u2019s view the city\u2019s near paralysis forced it to \u201cnegotiate and cajole\u201d improvements in University Circle that helped create and maintain an environment in the Circle worthy of the institutions located there.[23]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

UCI\u2019s work in Wade Oval was successful. David Swetland of the Lester M. Sears Foundation brought in a landscape architect who laid out the plantings in a simple but elegant design, and the three institutions adjacent to the park (Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and Garden Center of Greater Cleveland) agreed to share the costs of annual maintenance. In the 1980s UCI coordinated the rehabilitation of Rockefeller Park along the western border of the Circle with the aid of an anonymous philanthropist.[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The general improvement of the Circle was aided by a 25-member University Circle Council established in 1983 and largely composed of prominent Cleveland women who identified areas that were eyesores or safety hazards. They promoted the development of better lighting, and the removal or replacement of overgrown shrubbery and fencing in order to discourage nighttime crimes in the Circle.[25]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Crime in University Circle was perhaps one of the most vexing problems which UCI had to face. Despite the fact that the Circle was one of the safest districts in the city, and that the UCI police force provided more intensive coverage than the city police department could, the Circle had a reputation as a dangerous place to be, particularly at night.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The image of the Circle as dangerous became current in the 1950s as Hough and Doan\u2019s Corners became areas of racial mixing. The six unsolved bombings in residential areas adjacent to the Circle in 1952-54 were thought to be a racially-motivated response to that change.[26]<\/sup><\/a> Then in 1966 a woman who was a member of the Cleveland Orchestra chorus was raped and murdered at the south end of the lagoon as she walked to a performance at Severance Hall one evening. The ensuing widespread newspaper publicity tended to suggest that the murderer (though he was never found) was a male from the Hough neighborhood, playing on the volatile issue of Black men victimizing white women.[27]<\/sup><\/a> In any case the violent death of a cultured women in one of the most picturesque spots in the city verified for many Clevelanders and suburbanites their growing fear that no one was safe anywhere in Cleveland, and that visitors to the Circle were particularly vulnerable. This fear persisted into the 1980s.[28]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The largest nighttime population on the campus was the students. When a committee of students and the university administration considered safety in 1968 they seemed most daunted by being \u201caccosted by Negroes\u201d as they walked to the bank or post office on the eastern edge of the Circle. In a revealing statement of the \u201cthem\u201d and \u201cus\u201d situation as they saw it, the committee argued that<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[UCDF police] officers must be physically able to thwart the attempts of Hough toughs to operate criminally within the Circle. They must <\/span>also possess the patience, intelligence, and discretion to deal with <\/span>exuberant students and eccentric faculty members without alienating <\/span>the academic community.[29]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Considering this suggested policy, whereby Hough residents were to be coped with by force, but faculty and students humored, it is no wonder that a 1977 study of American urban life which recognized the great cultural value of the Circle, also stated categorically that \u201ca pall of fear has lain over [the Circle], and its value as an open space has been negated.\u201d[30]<\/sup><\/a> Clearly, for many citizens crime in the Circle was conceived of primarily as a racial matter, and so long as it was, the actual extent and causes of crime received secondary consideration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Perceived changes in the crime rate of the Circle probably were related largely to the same forces that drove rates up throughout urban America in the 1960s and 1970s: a large increase in the population of 18-24 year-olds (who committed most of the crimes); skyrocketing drug usage; and high unemployment rates in inner-city neighborhoods.[31]<\/sup><\/a> To combat these trends UCI increased the size of its police force to twenty-eight officers and employed increasingly sophisticated technology for communication and surveillance. While the already modest crime rates in the Circle did decline in the mid-1980s, that may have been largely the result of the depopulation of the surrounding neighborhoods rather than increased policing.[32]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

While UCI under the leadership of Treuhaft, Tullis, and Pigott adjusted to the new realities of urban America by developing better relationships with the neighboring communities, by working with an almost moribund city government, and by struggling to control crime, the institutions within the Circle generally thrived. UCI helped make the Circle an oasis of stability within a city otherwise undergoing painful changes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The Cleveland Museum of Art continued to flourish under directors Sherman E. Lee (1958-83), and Evan H. Turner (appointed in 1983). Lee emphasized Oriental art, making Cleveland world-renowned in that area, but purchased major works in almost every recognized area of art. Time<\/em> magazine called Lee\u2019s $5 million in acquisitions in 1966 \u201cunparalleled in U.S. museum history.\u201d[33]<\/sup><\/a> Lee described his collecting policies as based on the assumption that \u201cin the long run our judgment depends on discrimination \u2014 itself the result of a consciously exercised catholic taste, resting on a touchstone of nuance.\u201d[34]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

This statement indicated that the museum, under Lee, took the position that the museum was to be guided by aesthetic principles and not social needs. Neither the trustees nor Cleveland\u2019s ethnic groups received special attention: there was no attempt to attract attention by \u201chappenings\u201d in the Fine Arts Garden, flower-arranging courses, trips abroad for members, balls or cocktail parties in the galleries. As one local writer put it; \u201cCleveland\u2019s museum is convinced that its aristocratic defense of the faith serves the public good better, in the long run, than the m\u00e9lange<\/em> of programs served up in the name of democracy.\u201d[35]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

When Lee left the museum in 1983 it was ranked one of the best in the world. It was the largest American art museum without an admission fee and had a strong education department. But in the judgment of a major art world publication Lee had \u201cmade relatively little effort to reach out to the community and build new audiences for the museum.\u201d[36]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Evan H. Turner did not announce an immediate change in museum policies, but some differences in style were soon apparent. There was a greater emphasis on nineteenth-and twentieth-century art, although Turner shared Lee\u2019s interest in Oriental works. In 1984 the museum opened a new wing, permitting a considerable expansion of its library and adding nine galleries to the exhibition space.[37]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

One of the unique programs of the museum was its joint graduate studies program with Case Western Reserve University. From 1968 to 1984 the program awarded over a hundred graduate degrees in art history, providing the students with both classroom preparation and curatorial experience in the museum galleries. Its alumni were teachers and museum staff at leading institutions in the United States and abroad.[38]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The Cleveland Orchestra also flourished during the 1970s and early 1980s. Certainly the death of conductor George Szell in 1970 was the end of an era, because no one could easily match the eminence he had reached during his twenty-four year tenure with the orchestra. His disciplined approach to music gave the orchestra a distinctive sound that was admired world-wide: many observers argued that under Szell\u2019s direction it was simply the best modern orchestra.[39]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Under director Lorin Maazel (1972-82) the orchestra struggled to maintain that distinction. In the style of many other modern performers, Maazel\u2019s commitment to Cleveland was only part-time: he was also director of the Vienna State Opera. Some critics saw a deterioration of the orchestra\u2019s quality and traced it to Maazel\u2019s divided loyalties. On the other hand, a world-wide surge in funding for music, and the growth in the number of American orchestras in this period made it far more difficult for any orchestra to remain incomparably excellent. Maazel was succeeded as director by Christoph von Dohnanyi, who seemed to bring a new clarity to the orchestra\u2019s image and program.[40]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Perhaps the orchestra\u2019s most important new direction was its performances at the Blossom Music Center in the Cuyahoga National Recreation Area south of Cleveland. One of the new American outdoor performance pavilions (such as Wolf Trap Farm and Tanglewood), the opening of Blossom by the Musical Arts Association in 1968 permitted summer performances in which thousands could hear the orchestra (and popular entertainers) in a bucolic setting.[41]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The Musical Arts Association also attempted to draw new audiences (and new income) to Severance Hall by sponsoring ethnic nights.[42]<\/sup><\/a> Fundamentally, however, the Orchestra was a money-losing proposition into the mid-1970s. General Manager A. Beverly Barksdale noted in 1971 that \u201cBefore the orchestra plays a note, we are thirty thousand dollars a week in the red.\u201d[43]<\/sup><\/a> In 1978 the Musical Arts Association (the orchestra\u2019s parent organization) raised $1 million to match an equal grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, which gave the orchestra a stronger financial base.[44]<\/sup><\/a> Four years later the National Endowment from the Arts gave a $1 million grant provided that the Musical Arts Association would raise an additional $3 million for the orchestra\u2019s endowment.[45]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Fund-raising generally became a major concern of the Circle institutions, since the city itself was no longer the residence of most potential donors, and their loyalty could not be taken for granted. The residents of the city\u2019s suburbs, businesses, and local and national foundations became important sources of funding as professional fund-raisers were hired and development offices were created.[46]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

This preoccupation with finances had been foreshadowed at Case Western Reserve University with the forced departure of President Morse in 1970. In the latter 1960s the university had consistently outspent its income, and had begun to invade its endowment. Morse blamed these problems on unavoidable rises in costs and reductions in income, such as cutbacks in federal student aid, the reduction in federal research funding, general price increases, and necessary increases in salaries and benefits. He argued for greater financial stringency, but believed that educational priorities superseded financial ones.[47]<\/sup><\/a> He went so far as to say that \u201ca university with a deficit is a university worth caring about.\u201d[48]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

In the fall of 1970 the executive committee of the trustees of the university met to vote on a motion that Morse be asked to resign, noting that he had refused to further reduce the planned budget deficit for that year, and that in their opinion \u201cthe president cannot cope effectively with his fiscal and fund-raising responsibilities.\u201d[49]<\/sup><\/a> The trustees shortly backed up the executive committee and Morse resigned.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The new acting president of the university, soon to be president in fact, was Louis Toepfer, Dean of the School of Law who had shown financial probity by bringing in the just-completed building for the School under budget during a time of inflation. He justified the faith of the trustees by making every effort to balance the budget, and by making his commitment clear to the entire community by such measures as reducing lighting in hallways and classrooms and turning off the hot water in non-residential buildings.[50]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Paper-thin budget surpluses were achieved after 1972, but many questioned the cost in terms of the educational mission and staff morale. Toepfer\u2019s successor in 1981, David Ragone, continued the policy (apparently a dictum of the trustees) of achieving an annual balanced budget. Neither president was known for sustaining leadership in academics; in fact, both chose the elimination of departments and programs as one of their major austerity measures.[51]<\/sup><\/a> But those who believed that the survival of the university had been at stake in the financial crisis in 1970 saw the continued viability of Case Western Reserve as confirmation of higher education\u2019s need to place fiscal responsibility (some said corporate values) before educational vision.[52]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

It was in fact the apparent stability of the university, the Museum of Art, and the Orchestra in the face of the general decline of Cleveland, which led many to regard the Circle as a comparatively fertile oasis which could sustain new ventures. There were several new directions visible in the Circle by the mid-1980s which brought a sense of optimism to the area that ran counter to the general tenor of the city.<\/p>\n

\n

Perhaps the most significant was the creation of Doan Center, Inc., a private consortium on the model of University Circle, Inc. focusing on the environs of the Cleveland Clinic, which was centered at Euclid Avenue and East 92 Street. Founded in 1984, Doan Center attempted to develop a framework for the rapid expansion of the Clinic (largely in the direction of the Circle) which would be consonant with the plans of other institutions in the area, including CWRU, the State of Ohio (which was building the W.O. Walker Rehabilitation Clinic at Euclid Avenue and 105th Street) and various churches and civic groups.[53]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Similar to\u00a0UCI, Doan Center worked with a master plan for institutional growth and the development of an appropriate\u00a0infrastructure for it. That meant the demolition of some residences and the remnant of the old commercial district at Euclid Avenue and East\u00a0105th Street.\u00a0Learning from UCI\u2019s sometimes difficult relationships with residential areas, Doan Center also moved to support the creation of commercial centers and housing in areas congruent with\u00a0its\u00a0overall plan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The first director of Doan Center was Kenneth McGovern, formerly a Vice-President of Community Development with UCI. He saw the role of Doan Center as providing a higher standard of service than the city could provide for the area. That is, in order for the Cleveland Clinic \u2014 a provider of some of the best medical care in the world \u2014 to have an environment which was safe and attractive for its staff and clients, it had to assist in creating the private police service, park areas, and commercial districts that were important \u00a0to them. Certainly the staff and clientele of the world-famous Clinic had expectations which exceeded the standard of normal city services.[54]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Another area which underwent rapid change by 1985 was Murray Hill, which had become a mecca for artists, adding to its already well-known reputation as a restaurant center. It was at the time, according to one writer, the only ethnic neighborhood in Cleveland where retail space was fully rented and continually in demand. An annual public tour of artist\u2019s studios that began about 1980 quickly became a major Cleveland attraction.[55]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

The revival of Murray Hill was the most dramatic residential change in the area of the Circle, but other changes suggested a possible change in the perception that the Circle was not a good place to live. The Park Lane Villa, a luxury hotel built off East 107th Street in 1923, was restored. A mansion on Magnolia Road, in the heart of the old Wade Allotment, was converted to condominiums. A warehouse at 116th Street and Euclid was renovated and turned into apartments for the handicapped. Plans were being drawn in 1985 for a mixed commercial-residential complex at the Mayfield Road-Euclid Avenue triangle that had been vacant since cleared in 1968.[56]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Circle institutions, after a period of minimal growth in the 1970s, began to expand again in the better national economic climate of 1980s. In addition to the new wing of the Museum of Art, the Western Reserve Historical Society opened a new library building on the site of three long-demolished Wade Allotment mansions. The Cleveland Institute of Art remodeled the old Ford Motor Company assembly plant on Euclid Avenue as artists\u2019 studios and classrooms: students promptly dubbed it \u201cThe Factory,\u201d loving its expansive interiors and admiring its Albert Kahn design of 1913. A new Children\u2019s Museum was readied for opening at the western gateway to the Circle, near Euclid Avenue and East 107th. At the eastern gateway UCI opened new offices in a remodeled building on Euclid Avenue near East 120th Street.[57]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

By\u00a01985\u00a0it was\u00a0clear that University Circle was the hub of Cleveland\u2019s culture. Private philanthropy, in part coordinated by University Circle, Inc. but energizing\u00a0all of\u00a0the Circle institutions, was leading\u00a0its\u00a0growth and development. The citizens\u00a0of Cleveland could take advantage of some of the leading organizations of the world in art, music, and natural history; national leaders in education and medicine; and regional leaders in historical preservation and social services.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

As a whole the\u00a0Circle had many architectural masterpieces and was restoring its parklands. There were leading institutions of worship and important foci of science, technology, theater, dance, and studio arts. Numerous lectures, performances, lessons, exhibits, medical treatments and consultations with experts of all sorts, drew Clevelanders and visitors from around the world to University Circle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

For all those who came to know it,\u00a0the Circle was a treasure to be used and preserved for future generations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

  1. Paul D. Carr\u00e9 to Raymond Q, Armington, 1 September 1969, box 8, Robert Morse Office Files (hereafter Morse Office Files), Case Western Reserve University Archives (hereafter CWRU Archives), Cleveland, OH; Gary Griffith, \u201cSecond Draft of the Dream at University Circle,\u201d Cleveland Magazine<\/em> 1 (May 1972): 31. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  2. Author\u2019s interview of Joseph D. Pigott, 25 July 1986, Accession #A11-010, CWRU Archives. Pigott believed that Garofoli\u2019s presentations to the UCDF trustees were critically important to the development of the new vision. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  3. The Observer<\/em>, 17 March 1970; University Circle<\/em>, April 1970, pp. 1-2; Griffith, \u201cSecond Draft of the Dream at University Circle,\u201d p. 32; David D. Van Tassel and John J. Grabowski, eds, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em> (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1987), p. 981. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  4. The Observer<\/em>, 3 April 1970. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  5. Ibid<\/em>, 25 September 1970. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  6. Ibid<\/em>, 20 November 1970. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  7. Ibid,<\/em> 5 February 1971, 12 February 1971. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  8. Griffith, \u201cSecond Draft of the Dream at University Circle,\u201d pp. 29-30. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  9. Paul D. Carr\u00e9 to Louis Toepfer, 5 April 1971 and 25 June 1971, box 3, Louis Toepfer Office Files (hereafter Toepfer Office Files), CWRU Archives. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  10. The Observer<\/em>, 5 October 1971. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  11. Mary Peale Schofield, Landmark Architecture of Cleveland<\/em> (Pittsburgh, Pa.: Ober Park Associates, 1976), pp. 117-18. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  12. The Observer<\/em>, 9 November 1971, 26 February 1972; Development Economics Group of Raymond, Parish and Pine, The Demand for Housing and Commercial Facilities in University Circle<\/em> (Washington: n.p., 1971). ↵<\/a><\/li>
  13. Raymond, Parish and Pine, Circle Center for Community Programs<\/em> (White Plains, NY: n.p.,1971); Joseph D. Pigott interview. According to one informant, Elizabeth Treuhaft had the original idea for the Circle Center for Community Programs: author\u2019s interview of Richard Tullis, 31 July 1986, Accession #A14-040, CWRU Archives. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  14. Tullis interview, 31 July 1986; Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. 525. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  15. Kenneth W. McGovern, \u201cThe Story of UCI: A Private Initiative Model,\u201d read at the Anglo-American Colloquium on Recent British and American Innovations in Urban Policy, Cleveland, Ohio, 13 April 1983; University Circle, Inc., Annual Report 1979<\/em> (Cleveland; University Circle, Inc., 1979), pp. 12-13. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  16. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. lii; Michael I. White, American Neighborhoods and Residential Differentiation<\/em> (New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 1987), pp. 16, 21-23. Contemporary estimates suggested that after 1980 the greater Cleveland metropolitan area began a long-term population loss, a pattern in common with most of the largest Midwest and Northeast urban areas: William H. Frey, \u201cMigration and Metropolitan Decline in Developed Countries; A Comparative Study,\u201d Population and Development Review<\/em> 14 (December 1988): 602-9; William H. Frey and Alden Speare, Jr., Regional and Metropolitan Growth and Decline in the United States<\/em> (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1988), pp. 200, 202, 260. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  17. David A. Snow and Peter I. Leahy, \u201cA Neighborhood in Transition: Hough, Ohio,\u201d in Edward M. Miggins, ed., A Guide to Studying Neighborhoods and Resources on Cleveland<\/em> (Cleveland: Cleveland Public Library, 1984), pp. 101, 104; Poverty Indicators: Trends 1980-1986, Cuyahoga County, Ohio<\/em> (Cleveland: Council for Economic Opportunities in Greater Cleveland, 1986), pp. 52, 100. Estimates indicated further population decline in the early 1980s: Poverty Indicators<\/em>, p. 100. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  18. James M. Wood, \u201cLittle Italy Renaissance,\u201d Cleveland Magazine<\/em> (November 1985): 176; U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Censuses of Population and Housing: 1960, Census Tracts, Cleveland, Ohio, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area<\/em> (Washington: Government Publications Office, 1962), p. 27; Ibid, 1980 Census of Population and Housing, Census Tracts, Cleveland, Ohio, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area <\/em>(Washington: Government Publications Office, 1983), p. 19. The \u201ccore area\u201d of the Circle in the U.S. census is tract 1187, bounded by 105th Street on the west, Euclid Avenue on the south and southeast, and Wade Park and Asbury avenues on the north. Estimates suggested a further population decline in the early 1980s: Poverty Indicators<\/em>, p. 105. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  19. Not only in Cleveland, but in other major American cities, urban renewal projects (which began with the demolition of so-called substandard housing) usually centered on the densest areas of Black residence. In the 1950s and 1960s critics of government programs often commented that \u201curban renewal means Negro removal.\u201d Few of those displaced found adequate housing elsewhere. See: John F. Bauman, Public Housing, Race, and Renewal: Urban Planning in Philadelphia, 1920-1974<\/em> (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), pp. 127, 149-152. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  20. Poverty Indicators<\/em>, pp. 36, 76, 77, 82, 119. The measure of poverty is family income below the poverty level established by the federal government. The census tract for Murray Hill (1188) ranked 188th of 375 tracts in Cuyahoga County for estimated poverty rates in 1986. The incidence of poverty grew nationwide from the mid-1970s through the 1980s and in urban areas was concentrated in a few neighborhoods: Phyllis J. Day, \u201cThe New Poor in America: Isolationism in an International Political Economy,\u0313\u201d Social Work<\/em> 34 (May 1989): 227-28; White, American Neighborhoods<\/em>, p. 33. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  21. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History,<\/em>\u00a0pp. liii-lv, 753-54. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  22. Author\u2019s interview of Murray Davidson, 6, 15, 27 February 1985, Accession #A14-040, CWRU Archives; Irma Bartell, \u201cUniversity Circle Calls for Attention,\u201d The Plain Dealer<\/em>, 22 November 1985; University Circle, Inc., Annual Report 1983<\/em> (Cleveland: University Circle, Inc., 1983), p. 19. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  23. Annual Report 1979<\/em>, p. 10. In 1985 UCI Vice-President Murray Davidson stated that \u201cOne of UCI\u2019s functions is to lobby the city for the Circle, and over time we\u2019ve been very successful\u201d: Murray Davidson interview. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  24. Murray Davidson interview. The Lester M. Sears Foundation donated $100,000 for the landscape design and initial plantings of the rehabilitated Wade Park. On the Sears Foundation see Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. 626. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  25. Murray Davidson interview; Richard Tullis interview; Bartell, \u201cUniversity Circle Calls for Attention.\u201d While a major reason for improved lighting was greater safety, artful illumination of the facades of the major architectural features of the Circle was another thrust of the Council\u2019s work. On the illumination of the Art Museum, see The Observer<\/em>, 6 December 1985. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  26. Kenneth W. Rose, \u201cThe Cleveland Community Relations Board and the Politics of Race Relations, 1945-1963,\u201d presented at the Ohio Academy of History, April 1989. The bombings included the new site of the Mt. Zion Congregational Church on Magnolia Drive: Mt. Zion Congregational Church, 125th Anniversary Observance, 1864-1989<\/em> (Cleveland: n.p., 1989). ↵<\/a><\/li>
  27. The Cleveland Plain Dealer<\/em> and the Cleveland Press<\/em> began extensive newspaper coverage of the murder of Marjorie A. Winbigler on November 7, 1966, and continued almost daily stories for three weeks, Several northern Ohio newspapers also picked up the story and followed it. Press clipping book, 1966, Musical Arts Association Archives, Severance Hall, Cleveland, OH. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  28. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. 307; interview with Rev. Albert Jeandheur (senior minister, Church of the Covenant), by Elizabeth (Liz) Palay, 2 July 1986, in author\u2019s files. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  29. University Student Services Committee, \u201cSafety in the University Circles\u201d 18 April 1968, box 3, John S. Millis Chancellor Files (hereafter Millis Chancellor Files), CWRU Archives. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  30. August Heckscher, Open Spaces: The Life of American Cities<\/em> (New York: Harper and Row, 1977). ↵<\/a><\/li>
  31. Jon C. Teaford, The Twentieth-Century American City; Problem, Promise, and Reality<\/em> (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 134-36. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  32. University Circle Incorporated, Annual Report 1983<\/em> (Cleveland: UCI, 1983), p. 19; University Circle Incorporated, Annual Report 1985<\/em> (Cleveland: UCI, 1986), p. 19; Case Western Reserve University, Annual Report 1984-85<\/em> (Cleveland: CWRU, 1985), p. 26; Campus News<\/em>, 6 November 1985, pp. 1, 7. Nationally, there was a five-year decline (1982-86) in the number of crimes reported to the Bureau of Census\u2019s National Crime Survey, but slight increases in 1987-88: The Citizen Resister<\/em> (Gannett Westchester [Westchester County, N.Y.] Newspapers), April 10, 1989. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  33. Quoted in Diana Tittle, \u201cThe Agony and the Ecstasy of Sherman E. Lee,\u201d Cleveland Magazine<\/em> (January 1979): 61. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  34. Sherman E. Lee, \u201cThe Art Museum and Antiquity,\u201d Apollo<\/em> 7 (December 1963): 435. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  35. Adele Z. Silver, \u201cKeeping Behind the Times in Cleveland,\u201d Reporter<\/em> 36 (June 29, 1967): 40-42, quote on p. 42. By the mid-1980s flashy events underwritten by major corporations were the rule at many American museums: \u201cA Word from our Sponsor,\u201d Newsweek<\/em> (November 25. 1985), pp. 96-98. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  36. Art News<\/em> 82 (April 1983): 105. It was characteristic of Sherman Lee that when Isamu Noguchi\u2019s gigantic modern sculpture \u201cThe Portal\u201d was installed in downtown Cleveland, Lee judged it one of the most important new monuments in the United States, while public reaction was largely negative: Encyclopedia of Cleveland History,<\/em>\u00a0p. 53. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  37. Cleveland Museum of Art, \u201cAnnual Report for 1984,\u201d Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art<\/em> (July 1985): 244, 260, 263. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  38. Harvey Buchanan, \u201cThe Joint CMA\/CWRU Program in Art History,\u201d typescript prepared for the North Central Self Study Committee, December 5, 1984, in author\u2019s files. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  39. Time<\/em> (February 22, 1963), pp. 58-65; \u201cThe Grace of the Moment\u201d The New Yorker<\/em> (November 6, 1965), pp. 59-85; Encyclopedia of Cleveland History,<\/em>\u00a0p. 947. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  40. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History,<\/em>\u00a0p. 706. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  41. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, pp. 257, 708. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  42. Business Week<\/em> (October 23, 1971), p. 94. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  43. The New Yorker<\/em> (May 30, 1970), p. 57. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  44. \u201cThe Orchestra at 60,\u201d supplement to The Plain Dealer<\/em>, December 10, 1978, pp. 12-13. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  45. Musical Arts Association, Annual Report 1982-1983<\/em> (Cleveland: Musical Arts Association, 1983), p. 14. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  46. See David Hammack, \u201cPhilanthropy,\u201d Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, pp. 764-68. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  47. Clarence H. Cramer, Case Western Reserve University: A History of the University, 1826-1976<\/em> (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1976), p. 284; Robert W. Morse, memorandum to heads of academic divisions, April 2, 1970, box 6, Robert W. Morse Office Files (hereafter Morse Office Files), CWRU Archives. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  48. Cramer, Case Western Reserve,<\/em>\u00a0p. 285. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  49. Statement by chair of the Case Western Reserve University trustees on behalf of the executive committee, October 1, 1970, box 6, Morse Office Files. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  50. Cramer, Case Western Reserve<\/em>, pp. 288-92; Clarence H. Cramer, Case Institute of Technology: A Centennial History, 1880-1980<\/em> (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, 1980), p. 253. The author recalls his surprise in finding the hot water turned on again in his office building, Mather House, sometime in 1981. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  51. Cramer, Case Western Reserve<\/em>, pp. 292-93; \u201cHard Times at CWRU,\u201d and \u201cRagone: After five years at the helm, CWRU chief still a puzzle,\u201d The Plain Dealer<\/em>, March 10, 1985; \u201cFaculty Senate favors closing library school,\u201d Campus News<\/em>, February 20, 1985; Louis A. Toepfer, Objectives for the University, 1975-1980: A Report to the Board of Trustees<\/em> (Cleveland: CWRU, 1974), p. 20. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  52. See a theme issue, \u201cThe Corporate University,\u201d Academe: Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors<\/em> 75 (January-February 1989), esp. Roger Rollin, \u201cThere\u2019s No<\/em> Business Like Education,\u201d pp. 14-17. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  53. \u201cCivic Expansion Could Spark a Renaissance,\u201d Cleveland Press<\/em>, November 11, 1980; \u201cBeyond the Threshold,\u201d supplement to The Plain Dealer<\/em>, November 1980; \u201cFascinating Pyramid Anchors Clinic Campus,\u201d The Plain Dealer<\/em> Magazine, October 20, 1985. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  54. Author\u2019s interview of Kenneth W. McGovern, June 4, 1985, in author\u2019s files. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  55. Wood, \u201cLittle Italy Renaissance,\u201d 76-81, 172-80; Little Italy Redevelopment Association, A 1981-82 Guide to Little Italy<\/em> (Cleveland: LIRA, 1982). Norman Krumholz, director of city planning for Cleveland 1969-79, pushed for a redevelopment strategy based on neighborhoods with some success, but could not divert Cleveland leaders from continuing to focus on large-scale, high-cost projects in both urban centers and neighborhoods: Norman Krumholz and Susan Hoffmann, \u201cRevitalizing Urban Centers: Business and Neighborhoods,\u201d National Civic Review<\/em> (March 1979): 130-35; \u201cKing Plaza: Failed Ghetto-Gilding,\u201d The Plain Dealer<\/em>, November 30, 1978; Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. liii. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  56. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, p. 524; Campus News<\/em>, August 22, 1984, April 2, 1986; Annual Report for 1985<\/em>, pp. 4-5. A critique of the interaction between UCI, the private developer, and city government regarding the Mayfield Road-Euclid Avenue triangle may be found in Point of View<\/em> (Cleveland, OH), March 22, 1986, April 5, 1986, June 28, 1986. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  57. Annual Report 1983<\/em>, pp. 8-9; Annual Report 1985<\/em>, pp. 6-7; Encyclopedia of Cleveland History<\/em>, pp. 244, 1041. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-54","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":48,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/54","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/54\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":256,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/54\/revisions\/256"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/48"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/54\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=54"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=54"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/history-of-university-circle-in-cleveland\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=54"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}