{"id":554,"date":"2024-11-19T05:20:18","date_gmt":"2024-11-19T05:20:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=554"},"modified":"2024-12-02T02:15:09","modified_gmt":"2024-12-02T02:15:09","slug":"favino-full-exhibit-draft","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/chapter\/favino-full-exhibit-draft\/","title":{"rendered":"Favino &#8211; Full Exhibit"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1024\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/images\/ProgramMarch1913.jpg?maxwidth=1300&amp;autorotate=false&amp;quality=78&amp;format=webp\" width=\"1024\" height=\"767\" alt=\"\" \/> Cover of the official program for the Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913. Art by Benjamin M. Dale.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[footnote]Benjamin Dale, Official Program Cover: Woman Suffrage Procession (Drawing for the official program of the Woman Suffrage Parade 1913, March 3, 1913). Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/ppmsca.12512\/.[\/footnote]\r\n<h1>Introduction<\/h1>\r\n<h6 class=\"hanging-indent\">1913 Woman Suffrage Procession<\/h6>\r\n<h4>Washington, D.C. March 3, 1913<\/h4>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">More than five thousand marchers met to walk down Pennsylvania Avenue during the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913. Leading the march on horseback was Grand Marshal of the suffragist parade, Mrs. Richard Coke Burleson and lawyer Miss Inez Milholland Boissevain.[footnote]Winsor McCay, Suffrage March Line: How thousands of women parade today at Capitol (Drawing for the New York Evening Journal, March 4, 1913). Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/.[\/footnote] This parade was organized by the National American Woman Suffrage Association's (NAWSA) Congressional Committee members Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. The purpose of this parade was to demand the United States government to grant women the right to vote. This Digital Humanities Project argues the 1913 National Woman Suffrage Parade was vital to the eventual passing and ratification of the 19th amendment to the United States constitution.\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/embed?mid=1dAFC0Wyq-fytksyR_Sl7ZkEGdOZuJsA&amp;ehbc=2E312F\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"width: 0px;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\r\nThis map depicts the journey of the procession, starting at the Peace Monument beside the United States Capitol building, and proceeding all the way to Continental Hall.[footnote]United States Senate, Senate Committee Report on the Suffrage Parade Investigation (1913). Available at PDF: https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. IV.[\/footnote]\r\n<h1>Table of Contents<\/h1>\r\nIntroduction\r\nHistoriography\r\nAnalysis\r\nConclusion\r\nWorks Cited\r\n<h1>Historiography<\/h1>\r\nThis suffrage parade and the many women involved with the organization and involvement in the parade have been a topic of much historical research and writing. This parade involves several historical narratives and topics such as women\u2019s rights history, protest history, political history, and social history. This project contributes to women's rights history by discussing the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade as well as discussing key suffrage figures like Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, Elizabeth Thatcher Kent, Jane Addams, and more.\u00a0 This project contributes to protest history because the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade was a march in Washington D.C. that protested for the creation of an amendment that would grant women the right to vote. This parade was for political purposes, connects to the 19th amendment, and contributes to political and social history.\r\n\r\nThere are multiple books and academic journals used in this project that have contributed to the history of this parade and the suffrage movement:\r\n\r\n<strong>Amelia Fry and J.D. Zahniser<\/strong>'s book, <em>Alice Paul: Claiming Power[footnote]Jill Diane (J.D.) Zahniser and Amelia R. Fry, Alice Paul: Claiming Power (Oxford University Press, 2014).[\/footnote]<\/em>\u00a0is a pioneering work of women\u2019s rights history due to Fry\u2019s collection of research and oral history of Alice Paul\u2019s life from birth in 1885 to her death in 1977. This details Paul\u2019s career of suffragist activism, from the founding of the National Woman\u2019s Party (NWP), to the idea and eventual completion of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade in Washington D.C.\u00a0 Zahniser highlights Paul\u2019s journey from her hometown of Moorestown, New Jersey to the United Kingdom where she studied and engaged in women\u2019s rights movements. Zahniser explores the protests and suffragists Paul engaged with, sometimes leading to her arrest and delay back to the United States. Once Paul is back in the United States, Zahniser builds up Paul\u2019s position as a leader of women\u2019s rights activism and pushes for women\u2019s right to vote. After the conclusion of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade, the biography shifted to continued efforts toward passing of the 19th amendment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Cathleen D. Cahill<\/strong>'s book, <em>Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement[footnote]Cathleen D. Cahill, Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2020).[\/footnote]<\/em> examines women of color including African American women, Asian women, Native American women, and Spanish women. Their involvement in suffrage protests across the nation also included equal rights protests. Beginning with protests and parades from 1890-1913 that involved colored women. The Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 is discussed in Chapter 7, including how colored women played a role in the parade. For example, the book explains Marie Bottineau Baldwin, a Native American attorney, was tasked with creating a Native American women float for the parade. Baldwin took this opportunity to educate the press on the impact of Native American women in history. This book continues this research into citizenship and voting struggles for women of color, then goes into women of color in World War I.\r\n\r\n<strong>Lynda G. Dodd<\/strong>\u2019s academic journal, \u201cParades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship\u201d[footnote]Lynda G. Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship (24 J. L. &amp; Pol. 339, 2008). Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2226351.[\/footnote] explores Alice Paul\u2019s protesting career in depth. Dodd argues historians have failed to \u201cadequately assess Paul\u2019s contribution to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.\u201d[footnote]Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison, 346[\/footnote]\u00a0Unlike Fry and Zahniser, Dodd focuses more on the politics that went into protesting. Dodd\u2019s career as Joseph H. Flom Professor of Legal Studies and Political Science at the City College, City University of New York brings an understanding of how the United States government was reacting to these protests and parades. Furthermore, Dodd discusses how the nineteenth amendment was ratified and how suffragist parties such as Alice Paul\u2019s National Woman\u2019s Party (NWP) and the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) used strategies to create successful protests.\r\n<h1>Analysis<\/h1>\r\nThis Digital Humanities Project argues the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 was vital to the eventual passing and ratification of the 19th amendment to the United States constitution. To support this statement, the analysis section will analyze the suffragists who organized the parade, the parade itself, its political impact, and the 19th amendment. First, with a background on Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. These women, members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), organized the parade.\r\n<h6>Alice Paul and Lucy Burns<\/h6>\r\nAlice Paul was born January 11, 1885 to a Quaker family in Moorestown, New Jersey. Growing up in a Quaker community, Paul lived in a culture that treated women nearly equally to men. This background shaped her passions for equal rights.[footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 5. [\/footnote] Her father William M. Paul founded the Burlington County Trust Company in 1890, an asset manager for businesses. However, he passed away from pneumonia in 1902, leaving behind Alice and her mother Tacie P. Paul. Tacie was college educated and supported Alice\u2019s education and suffrage career. She was an advocate for gender equality herself.[footnote]Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison, 354[\/footnote] Paul\u2019s family was spared from financial worries after her father\u2019s death, he left behind real estate, land, stocks, and his salary from the Trust Company bank.[footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 25. [\/footnote]\r\n\r\nAlice attended Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, she majored in science and took on biology, chemistry and math classes.[footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 19. [\/footnote] After getting a biology degree, she attended Columbia University and received her masters. She planned to use her education to become a social worker, so she went to England to continue her graduate studies. It was here she realized this path would not lead her to make monumental changes to women's rights.[footnote]Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison, 356. [\/footnote] She actively protested for women\u2019s rights in England, in her twenties. She was arrested for protesting multiple times. A police station in London is where she met fellow American suffragist Lucy Burns.[footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 71. [\/footnote]\r\n\r\nPaul returned to the United States in January of 1910, in April she was invited to speak at a NAWSA convention for the first time.[footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 113. [\/footnote] Paul disliked how American suffragist leaders were too timid to protest through the streets, cause a disturbance, and get arrested for protesting like she experienced in England. She believed protest would force political leaders to make changes to the constitution, not simply trying to elect leaders that would pass suffrage rights in individual states. While NAWSA was originally unimpressed with Paul\u2019s ideas, Jane Addams saw potential in Alice. She suggested that Paul volunteer for the newly opened Congressional Chair position at NAWSA. She obtained the position along with her close friend Lucy Burns in 1912.[footnote]Cahill, Recasting the Vote, 97.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nLucy Burns was born July 28, 1879 to an Irish Catholic family in Brooklyn, New York. She attended and graduated as a top student in Vassar College located in Poughkeepsie, NY. After she graduated in 1902, she continued as a graduate student at Oxford College in Europe. She ended her student career when she joined the Women\u2019s Social and Political Union (WSPU). She and Alice Paul became good friends and traveled back to the United States where they formed the National Woman\u2019s Party (NWP). Eventually, they took Congressional Committee Chair member positions of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Under this association they organized the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913.[footnote]National Park Service, \u201cLucy Burns\u201d (August, 2024.) https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/people\/lucy-burns.htm.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nAlice Paul and Lucy Burns were committed to changing the way suffragists protested in America. Unafraid to get arrested, cause a disturbance, and publicly protest, these women aimed to force the United States government to make changes for women's rights. These protest tactics were used in the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade. Thousands of women marching beside the Capitol building and the White House, symbolizing the demand women had to be granted voting rights. This cast a spotlight of attention on the woman suffrage movement, and is one way the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade assisted the establishment of the 19th amendment.\r\n<h6>Creating &amp; Organizing the Parade<\/h6>\r\nFlorence Etheridge proposed a \u201cNational Inaugural Suffrage Procession\u201d to the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) at a conference in the summer of 1912. Activists attending the conference showed little support for the idea, having no resources or money to fund it. However, Alice Paul was present and became intrigued by the idea.[footnote]Cahill, Recasting the Vote, 97.[\/footnote] Etheridge introduced Paul to Elizabeth Thatcher Kent, who was the chair of the NAWSA Congressional Committee before Alice. Kent and her husband, California congressman William Kent helped Paul move to Washington D.C. and helped Paul and Burns with the procession. Burns, Etheridge, Paul, and Kent agreed the procession had to be held the day before President Woodrow Wilson\u2019s presidential inauguration.[footnote]Cahill, Recasting the Vote, 98. [\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThe Woman Suffrage Parade occurring the day before Wilson's first inauguration was a way to symbolize the demand by women of the United States for voting rights. Thousands of women marching beside the Capitol building and the White House the day before a new president took office was meant to indicate women of this country wanted Woodrow Wilson to make political changes involving women's rights. In January of 1913, Alice Paul sent a written application to Major Richard Sylvester, D.C. chief of police. In this application, Paul requested a permit for the procession and she insisted it would not interfere with the presidential inauguration the next day. Sylvester granted the permit for the parade to take place on March 3rd, 1913. [footnote]United States Senate. https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. IV.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"29\"]\r\n\r\nThis drawing above depicts how the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 was organized by country, state, organization, occupation, status, floats, and band members.[footnote]McCay, <em>Suffrage March Line,<\/em> Library of Congress. (1913) https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/.[\/footnote]\r\n<h6>March 3, 1913<\/h6>\r\nAccording to Alice Paul, the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade was successful and beautiful. There were many sections that featured women that represented many cultures and professions. Paul and Lucy Burns walked in a section of college women who wore dark caps and gowns.[footnote]Amelia R. Fry, \u201cConversations with Alice Paul\" https:\/\/oac.cdlib.org\/view?docId=kt6f59n89c&amp;doc.view=entire_text. 75.[\/footnote] On the first page of the Official Program of the Woman Suffrage Parade 1913 that was passed out during the event, there is a foreword section. It explains the purpose of the procession is to demand an amendment to the United States constitution, and that in nine states there already is full suffrage. On the sides of this page, there are small biographies on Alice Paul and Lucy Burns.[footnote]Woman Suffrage Procession, Official program woman suffrage procession. Washington, D. C. March 3, 1913. Pdf. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2020780515\/. Library of Congress. 3[\/footnote] Photographs of the parade and this program showcase how beautiful and well thought out this event was.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1100\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/tile.loc.gov\/storage-services\/service\/mss\/mnwp\/159\/159054v.jpg\" width=\"1100\" height=\"704\" alt=\"\" \/> College section of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[footnote]College section of the March 3, suffrage parade in Washington, D.C. Washington D.C. United States, 1913. Mar. 3. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000444\/.[\/footnote]\r\n<h4>Hostility<\/h4>\r\nThe parade did not commence completely without issue, crowds began to block the path of the marchers soon after they began walking down Pennsylvania Avenue. Men filled the streets, shouting obscenities and being hostile toward the women.[footnote]National Park Service, \u201c1913 Woman Suffrage Procession\u201d (November 5, 2021) https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/woman-suffrage-procession1913.htm.[\/footnote] U.S. Army troops on horseback came an hour later to open the blockage and clear the blocks as the parade commenced.[footnote]Amelia R. Fry, \u201cConversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment\u201d Suffragists Oral History Project. (1972). Online Archive of California. https:\/\/oac.cdlib.org\/view?docId=kt6f59n89c&amp;doc.view=entire_text. 78.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nAccording to Alice Paul in an interview she did with Amelia Fry in 1972, the police did the best they could managing the crowds and helping the parade. [footnote]Amelia R. Fry, \u201cConversations with Alice Paul\" https:\/\/oac.cdlib.org\/view?docId=kt6f59n89c&amp;doc.view=entire_text. 79.[\/footnote] However, there was an investigation by the United States Senate on the conduct of the police during the parade. Some of the ladies at the parade testified the police could have done more to erase the hostile mobs. Witnesses, testimonies, and the parade legal documents such as the permits were presented in this trial. Police officers testified they understood they were to help the parade commence and do their best to stop any interruptions. According to the Senate report on this trial, over 700 officers were tasked with caring for the parade, over 200 more officers who were there for the presidential inauguration the next day also helped with the parade.[footnote]United States Senate. https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. XII[\/footnote] At the end of the trial, it was concluded the path for the marchers was not adequately cleared and the parade was not protected as it should have been.[footnote]United States Senate. https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. XV[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nPolice presence and investigation by the United States Senate brought even more attention and importance to the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade. Getting the government involved with how smoothly the parade commenced shows how massive this event was. Hostile mobs of people blocking the path of the women show how controversial the subject of woman suffrage was. It paints the women leading the parade in a courageous light. Strong emotions of the public on topics is what gets the United States government to make decisions on change.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"600\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/tile.loc.gov\/storage-services\/service\/mss\/mnwp\/159\/159053r.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"479\" alt=\"\" \/> Crowds blocking parade route during the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThis photograph shows the Woman Suffrage Parade walking down Pennsylvania Avenue with the Capitol Building in the background. Males make up the majority of the crowd blocking the path of the women. [footnote]Leet Brothers, \"Crowd converging on marchers and blocking parade route during March 3, inaugural suffrage procession\", Washington, D.C. , March 3, 1913. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000443\/.[\/footnote]\r\n<h6>Parade's Impact<\/h6>\r\n<h4>Parade in the Press<\/h4>\r\nNewspapers across the country covered the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession the day of the parade. It made Washington D.C. 's The Evening Star front page with the headline, \u201cSuffrage crusaders in thrilling pageant take city by storm\u201d. In this coverage, it expresses that the procession demanded a constitutional amendment for woman suffrage. It also talks about the detail of the floats and costumes, how they were beautiful, and represented suffrage history. [footnote]Evening Star. (Washington, D.C.), March 3, 1913. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83045462\/1913-03-03\/ed-1\/?sp=1&amp;r=-0.04,0.393,0.35,0.224,0.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nIn the days that followed the parade, the press mostly covered the mobs of people who tried to block the marchers, and the police actions in response. This was elongated by the investigation of the D.C. police tasked with protecting the parade. In Boston, Massachusetts the parade was covered on the front page of the Woman\u2019s Journal on March 8, 1913. \u201cParade Struggles to victory despite disgraceful scenes\u201d it discusses how Congress is investigating the actions of the police, and the mobs that were not cleared for the marchers.[footnote]Woman's Journal and Suffrage News. (Boston, Massachusetts), March 8, 1913. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716777\/.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nSimilarly, The Chicago Daily Tribune covered the mobs blocking the parade on the front page of their newspaper on March 4, 1913.[footnote]The Chicago Daily Tribune. (Chicago, Illinois), March 4, 1913. Photograph. https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/article\/chicago-tribune-mobs-block-suffrage-para\/150090338\/.[\/footnote] This nationwide press coverage helped spread the word of the suffrage demand along with the NAWSA organization\u2019s key women. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns became icons of the suffrage movement and continued protesting across the states.\r\n<h4>Alice Paul and Lucy Burns After the Parade<\/h4>\r\nDr. Anna Howard Shaw, leader of the NAWSA organization, was enthusiastic after the parade finished. Despite previous opinions that the parade was unnecessary, she stated afterwards the parade, \u201chas done more for suffrage, to firmly establish those who were wavering and to bring to our ranks thousands of others.\u201d[footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 161.[\/footnote]She expressed her gratitude to Paul and Burns, and offered to use NAWSA funds to continue holding protest meetings in Washington. While Paul stayed in Washington and prepared witnesses for the Senate hearings on the Parade, Lucy went home. [footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 162.[\/footnote] In the midst of these hearings, Paul had the opportunity to meet with President Woodrow Wilson in the oval office to discuss woman suffrage.\r\n\r\nAlice Paul aimed at convincing the President on a suffrage amendment, even though she knew amendments were passed by both houses of Congress. However, she knew the power and influence of the President. Three of the women she chose to meet the President knew him socially, one was married to a supporter of Wilson's and the other two were related to Democratic congressmen. [footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 164.[\/footnote] Wilson sat with the women in the office, and Paul quickly expressed that the issue of suffrage was the biggest issue of the time. She explained that in nine states, women can vote, and the rest of the states should unite in that decision. Wilson listened to Paul and the women, but told them Congress has bigger issues to discuss, and brushed them off. At the end of the meeting, Wilson said he would \"consider their views\", and Paul continued to write him letters and encouraged more suffragists to write to him.\r\n\r\nPaul got the chance to meet with President Woodrow Wilson due to the Senate trial on the police action during the Suffrage Parade. This helped push woman suffrage further in the thoughts of the president as well as the government as a whole. The Suffrage Parade of 1913 helped push the United States toward the 19th amendment.\r\n<h4>Woodrow Wilson After the Parade<\/h4>\r\nDuring the first term of Wilson's presidency, Wilson firmly believed that the suffrage decision should be made state-by-state, and not through an amendment. Inez Millholland, lead horseback marcher of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade, passed away in 1916. After her death, Paul attempted to get President Wilson to receive a \"Milholland Memorial Delegation\". After multiple attempts she finally got him to publicly speak on Millholland's death.[footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 254.[\/footnote] Wilson had begun to support woman suffrage at that point more than he ever had. However, he did not publicly push for the amendment until his party demanded it.\r\n\r\nIn late 1917, Alice Paul, Lucy Burns and eleven other suffragists were arrested for protesting at the White House Gates with banners. The imprisonment of the women put even more pressure on Wilson's administration. In court, Paul stated she would not enter any pleas, \"We do not consider ourselves subject to this court since, as an unenfranchised class, we have nothing to do with the making of the laws.\u201d[footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 279[\/footnote] The other women followed Paul's decision and refused to plea or cooperate with their trials. The women were found guilty of obstructing traffic and put in jail. Paul realized that being imprisoned brought more attention to the suffrage movement and her actions. She began a hunger strike, not eating much for days, and continued to write letters to fellow suffragists in hopes they would then send letters to the President. After four months, the cases were dismissed and she was released.[footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 296.[\/footnote]\r\n<h6>19th Amendment<\/h6>\r\nIn the fall of 1917, just after Alice Paul\u2019s incarceration and hunger strike, the state of New York was the 12th state to pass a full woman suffrage amendment to its state constitution. This was the first state on the east coast to pass the amendment. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson publicly endorsed a constitutional suffrage amendment while in his second presidential term. By June of 1919, the House of Representatives and the Senate both passed the 19th amendment. In August of 1920, Tennessee \u201cbecame the 36th state to ratify the amendment\u201d [footnote] \u201c19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women\u2019s Right To Vote (1920),\u201d National Archives and Records Administration, last modified February 8, 2022, https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/19th-amendment.[\/footnote], finally gaining the three-fourths agreement needed by the states. The 19th Amendment became ratified on August 18, 1920.\r\n\r\nAlice Paul joined millions of American women voting for the first time during the presidential election of 1920. Many suffragists, including NAWSA leader Anna Howard Shaw, passed before the amendment\u2019s ratification. However, women across the country celebrated victory for all suffragists who fought during the struggle for woman suffrage. [footnote]Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 320. [\/footnote] Alice Paul used the momentum from the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade to continue contributing toward the passing of the 19th amendment. Including constant pressure on President Wilson, being incarcerated for protesting, and beginning a hunger strike for suffrage.\r\n<h6>Conclusion<\/h6>\r\nOn March 3, 1913 more than five thousand women began marching at the Capitol Building, toward the White House, and finally arriving at Continental Hall. These women participating in the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 demanded a constitutional amendment allowing women the right to vote. Taking place the day before President Woodrow Wilson\u2019s first presidential inauguration. This parade caused immediate pressure on the president to officially recognize the efforts of suffragists. The magnitude of this parade put its organizers Alice Paul and Lucy Burns in the spotlight. Their continued push for the amendment, including meetings with President Wilson, being incarcerated for protest, and starting a hunger strike while in jail furthered the push for the 19th amendment. Therefore, the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade was vital to the eventual passing and ratification of the 19th amendment to the United States constitution.\r\n<h1>Works Cited<\/h1>\r\nBenjamin Dale. \u201c Official Program Cover: Woman Suffrage Procession.\u201d March 3, 1913. Photograph. Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/ppmsca.12512\/.\r\n\r\nCahill, Cathleen. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. The University of North Carolina Press. 2020.\r\n\r\nThe Chicago Daily Tribune. \u201cMob at Capitol Defy Police; Block Suffrage Parade.\u201d March 4, 1913. Newspaper. Chicago, Illinois. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/article\/chicago-tribune-mobs-block-suffrage-para\/150090338\/\">https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/article\/chicago-tribune-mobs-block-suffrage-para\/150090338\/<\/a>.\r\n\r\nDodd, Lynda G. Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship. February 28, 2013. Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2226351.\r\n\r\nEvening Star. \u201cCity Suffrage-Mad for a Time.\u201d March 3, 1913. Newspaper. Washington, D.C. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83045462\/1913-03-03\/ed-1\/?sp=1&amp;r=-0.04,0.393,0.35,0.224,0\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83045462\/1913-03-03\/ed-1\/?sp=1&amp;r=-0.04,0.393,0.35,0.224,0<\/a>.\r\n\r\nLeet Brothers. \"Crowd converging on marchers and blocking parade route during March 3, inaugural suffrage procession.\u201d March 3, 1913. Photograph. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000443\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000443\/<\/a>.\/\r\n\r\nNational Archives and Records Administration. \u201c19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women\u2019s Right To Vote (1920).\u201d Last modified February 8, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/19th-amendment\">https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/19th-amendment<\/a>.\r\n\r\nThe National American Woman Suffrage Association. \u201cOfficial program woman suffrage procession.\u201d March 3, 1913. Library of Congress. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2020780515\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2020780515\/<\/a>.\r\n\r\nUnited States National Park Service. \u201c1913 Woman Suffrage Procession.\u201d Accessed November 12, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/woman-suffrage-procession1913.htm\">https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/woman-suffrage-procession1913.htm<\/a>.\r\n\r\nUnited States National Park Service. \u201cLucy Burns.\u201d Last modified August, 2024.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/people\/lucy-burns.htm\">https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/people\/lucy-burns.htm<\/a>.\r\n\r\nUnited States Senate. \u201cSenate Committee Report on the Suffrage Parade Investigation.\u201d 1913.\u00a0 Available at PDF: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm\">https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm<\/a>.\r\n\r\nUnknown Photographer. \u201cCollege section of the March 3, Suffrage Parade in Washington, D.C.\u201d March 3, 1913. Photograph. Library of Congress. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000444\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000444\/<\/a>.\r\n\r\nWindsor McCay. \u201cSuffrage March Line: How thousands of women parade today at Capitol.\u201d March 4, 1913. Drawing. New York Evening Journal. Library of Congress. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/<\/a>.\r\n\r\nWoman\u2019s Journal and Suffrage News. Front Page. \u201cParade struggles to victory despite disgraceful scenes.\u201d March 8, 1913. Boston, Massachusetts. Newspaper. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716777\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716777\/<\/a>\r\n\r\nZahniser, J.D. and Fry, Amelia. Alice Paul: Claiming Power. Oxford University Press. 2014. Kindle Edition.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<figure style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/images\/ProgramMarch1913.jpg?maxwidth=1300&amp;autorotate=false&amp;quality=78&amp;format=webp\" width=\"1024\" height=\"767\" alt=\"\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover of the official program for the Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913. Art by Benjamin M. Dale.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Benjamin Dale, Official Program Cover: Woman Suffrage Procession (Drawing for the official program of the Woman Suffrage Parade 1913, March 3, 1913). Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/ppmsca.12512\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-1\" href=\"#footnote-554-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h1>Introduction<\/h1>\n<h6 class=\"hanging-indent\">1913 Woman Suffrage Procession<\/h6>\n<h4>Washington, D.C. March 3, 1913<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">More than five thousand marchers met to walk down Pennsylvania Avenue during the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913. Leading the march on horseback was Grand Marshal of the suffragist parade, Mrs. Richard Coke Burleson and lawyer Miss Inez Milholland Boissevain.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Winsor McCay, Suffrage March Line: How thousands of women parade today at Capitol (Drawing for the New York Evening Journal, March 4, 1913). Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-2\" href=\"#footnote-554-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> This parade was organized by the National American Woman Suffrage Association&#8217;s (NAWSA) Congressional Committee members Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. The purpose of this parade was to demand the United States government to grant women the right to vote. This Digital Humanities Project argues the 1913 National Woman Suffrage Parade was vital to the eventual passing and ratification of the 19th amendment to the United States constitution.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/embed?mid=1dAFC0Wyq-fytksyR_Sl7ZkEGdOZuJsA&amp;ehbc=2E312F\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"width: 0px;overflow: hidden;line-height: 0\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>This map depicts the journey of the procession, starting at the Peace Monument beside the United States Capitol building, and proceeding all the way to Continental Hall.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"United States Senate, Senate Committee Report on the Suffrage Parade Investigation (1913). Available at PDF: https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. IV.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-3\" href=\"#footnote-554-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h1>Table of Contents<\/h1>\n<p>Introduction<br \/>\nHistoriography<br \/>\nAnalysis<br \/>\nConclusion<br \/>\nWorks Cited<\/p>\n<h1>Historiography<\/h1>\n<p>This suffrage parade and the many women involved with the organization and involvement in the parade have been a topic of much historical research and writing. This parade involves several historical narratives and topics such as women\u2019s rights history, protest history, political history, and social history. This project contributes to women&#8217;s rights history by discussing the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade as well as discussing key suffrage figures like Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, Elizabeth Thatcher Kent, Jane Addams, and more.\u00a0 This project contributes to protest history because the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade was a march in Washington D.C. that protested for the creation of an amendment that would grant women the right to vote. This parade was for political purposes, connects to the 19th amendment, and contributes to political and social history.<\/p>\n<p>There are multiple books and academic journals used in this project that have contributed to the history of this parade and the suffrage movement:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Amelia Fry and J.D. Zahniser<\/strong>&#8216;s book, <em>Alice Paul: Claiming Power<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Jill Diane (J.D.) Zahniser and Amelia R. Fry, Alice Paul: Claiming Power (Oxford University Press, 2014).\" id=\"return-footnote-554-4\" href=\"#footnote-554-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/em>\u00a0is a pioneering work of women\u2019s rights history due to Fry\u2019s collection of research and oral history of Alice Paul\u2019s life from birth in 1885 to her death in 1977. This details Paul\u2019s career of suffragist activism, from the founding of the National Woman\u2019s Party (NWP), to the idea and eventual completion of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade in Washington D.C.\u00a0 Zahniser highlights Paul\u2019s journey from her hometown of Moorestown, New Jersey to the United Kingdom where she studied and engaged in women\u2019s rights movements. Zahniser explores the protests and suffragists Paul engaged with, sometimes leading to her arrest and delay back to the United States. Once Paul is back in the United States, Zahniser builds up Paul\u2019s position as a leader of women\u2019s rights activism and pushes for women\u2019s right to vote. After the conclusion of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade, the biography shifted to continued efforts toward passing of the 19th amendment.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cathleen D. Cahill<\/strong>&#8216;s book, <em>Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Cathleen D. Cahill, Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2020).\" id=\"return-footnote-554-5\" href=\"#footnote-554-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/em> examines women of color including African American women, Asian women, Native American women, and Spanish women. Their involvement in suffrage protests across the nation also included equal rights protests. Beginning with protests and parades from 1890-1913 that involved colored women. The Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 is discussed in Chapter 7, including how colored women played a role in the parade. For example, the book explains Marie Bottineau Baldwin, a Native American attorney, was tasked with creating a Native American women float for the parade. Baldwin took this opportunity to educate the press on the impact of Native American women in history. This book continues this research into citizenship and voting struggles for women of color, then goes into women of color in World War I.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lynda G. Dodd<\/strong>\u2019s academic journal, \u201cParades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Lynda G. Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship (24 J. L. &amp; Pol. 339, 2008). Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2226351.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-6\" href=\"#footnote-554-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a> explores Alice Paul\u2019s protesting career in depth. Dodd argues historians have failed to \u201cadequately assess Paul\u2019s contribution to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison, 346\" id=\"return-footnote-554-7\" href=\"#footnote-554-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Unlike Fry and Zahniser, Dodd focuses more on the politics that went into protesting. Dodd\u2019s career as Joseph H. Flom Professor of Legal Studies and Political Science at the City College, City University of New York brings an understanding of how the United States government was reacting to these protests and parades. Furthermore, Dodd discusses how the nineteenth amendment was ratified and how suffragist parties such as Alice Paul\u2019s National Woman\u2019s Party (NWP) and the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) used strategies to create successful protests.<\/p>\n<h1>Analysis<\/h1>\n<p>This Digital Humanities Project argues the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 was vital to the eventual passing and ratification of the 19th amendment to the United States constitution. To support this statement, the analysis section will analyze the suffragists who organized the parade, the parade itself, its political impact, and the 19th amendment. First, with a background on Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. These women, members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), organized the parade.<\/p>\n<h6>Alice Paul and Lucy Burns<\/h6>\n<p>Alice Paul was born January 11, 1885 to a Quaker family in Moorestown, New Jersey. Growing up in a Quaker community, Paul lived in a culture that treated women nearly equally to men. This background shaped her passions for equal rights.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 5.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-8\" href=\"#footnote-554-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a> Her father William M. Paul founded the Burlington County Trust Company in 1890, an asset manager for businesses. However, he passed away from pneumonia in 1902, leaving behind Alice and her mother Tacie P. Paul. Tacie was college educated and supported Alice\u2019s education and suffrage career. She was an advocate for gender equality herself.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison, 354\" id=\"return-footnote-554-9\" href=\"#footnote-554-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a> Paul\u2019s family was spared from financial worries after her father\u2019s death, he left behind real estate, land, stocks, and his salary from the Trust Company bank.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 25.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-10\" href=\"#footnote-554-10\" aria-label=\"Footnote 10\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Alice attended Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, she majored in science and took on biology, chemistry and math classes.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 19.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-11\" href=\"#footnote-554-11\" aria-label=\"Footnote 11\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[11]<\/sup><\/a> After getting a biology degree, she attended Columbia University and received her masters. She planned to use her education to become a social worker, so she went to England to continue her graduate studies. It was here she realized this path would not lead her to make monumental changes to women&#8217;s rights.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison, 356.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-12\" href=\"#footnote-554-12\" aria-label=\"Footnote 12\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[12]<\/sup><\/a> She actively protested for women\u2019s rights in England, in her twenties. She was arrested for protesting multiple times. A police station in London is where she met fellow American suffragist Lucy Burns.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 71.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-13\" href=\"#footnote-554-13\" aria-label=\"Footnote 13\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Paul returned to the United States in January of 1910, in April she was invited to speak at a NAWSA convention for the first time.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 113.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-14\" href=\"#footnote-554-14\" aria-label=\"Footnote 14\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[14]<\/sup><\/a> Paul disliked how American suffragist leaders were too timid to protest through the streets, cause a disturbance, and get arrested for protesting like she experienced in England. She believed protest would force political leaders to make changes to the constitution, not simply trying to elect leaders that would pass suffrage rights in individual states. While NAWSA was originally unimpressed with Paul\u2019s ideas, Jane Addams saw potential in Alice. She suggested that Paul volunteer for the newly opened Congressional Chair position at NAWSA. She obtained the position along with her close friend Lucy Burns in 1912.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Cahill, Recasting the Vote, 97.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-15\" href=\"#footnote-554-15\" aria-label=\"Footnote 15\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Lucy Burns was born July 28, 1879 to an Irish Catholic family in Brooklyn, New York. She attended and graduated as a top student in Vassar College located in Poughkeepsie, NY. After she graduated in 1902, she continued as a graduate student at Oxford College in Europe. She ended her student career when she joined the Women\u2019s Social and Political Union (WSPU). She and Alice Paul became good friends and traveled back to the United States where they formed the National Woman\u2019s Party (NWP). Eventually, they took Congressional Committee Chair member positions of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Under this association they organized the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"National Park Service, \u201cLucy Burns\u201d (August, 2024.) https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/people\/lucy-burns.htm.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-16\" href=\"#footnote-554-16\" aria-label=\"Footnote 16\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were committed to changing the way suffragists protested in America. Unafraid to get arrested, cause a disturbance, and publicly protest, these women aimed to force the United States government to make changes for women&#8217;s rights. These protest tactics were used in the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade. Thousands of women marching beside the Capitol building and the White House, symbolizing the demand women had to be granted voting rights. This cast a spotlight of attention on the woman suffrage movement, and is one way the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade assisted the establishment of the 19th amendment.<\/p>\n<h6>Creating &amp; Organizing the Parade<\/h6>\n<p>Florence Etheridge proposed a \u201cNational Inaugural Suffrage Procession\u201d to the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) at a conference in the summer of 1912. Activists attending the conference showed little support for the idea, having no resources or money to fund it. However, Alice Paul was present and became intrigued by the idea.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Cahill, Recasting the Vote, 97.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-17\" href=\"#footnote-554-17\" aria-label=\"Footnote 17\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[17]<\/sup><\/a> Etheridge introduced Paul to Elizabeth Thatcher Kent, who was the chair of the NAWSA Congressional Committee before Alice. Kent and her husband, California congressman William Kent helped Paul move to Washington D.C. and helped Paul and Burns with the procession. Burns, Etheridge, Paul, and Kent agreed the procession had to be held the day before President Woodrow Wilson\u2019s presidential inauguration.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Cahill, Recasting the Vote, 98.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-18\" href=\"#footnote-554-18\" aria-label=\"Footnote 18\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Woman Suffrage Parade occurring the day before Wilson&#8217;s first inauguration was a way to symbolize the demand by women of the United States for voting rights. Thousands of women marching beside the Capitol building and the White House the day before a new president took office was meant to indicate women of this country wanted Woodrow Wilson to make political changes involving women&#8217;s rights. In January of 1913, Alice Paul sent a written application to Major Richard Sylvester, D.C. chief of police. In this application, Paul requested a permit for the procession and she insisted it would not interfere with the presidential inauguration the next day. Sylvester granted the permit for the parade to take place on March 3rd, 1913. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"United States Senate. https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. IV.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-19\" href=\"#footnote-554-19\" aria-label=\"Footnote 19\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-29\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"29\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"1913 Suffrage March Organization\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>This drawing above depicts how the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 was organized by country, state, organization, occupation, status, floats, and band members.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"McCay, Suffrage March Line, Library of Congress. (1913) https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-20\" href=\"#footnote-554-20\" aria-label=\"Footnote 20\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h6>March 3, 1913<\/h6>\n<p>According to Alice Paul, the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade was successful and beautiful. There were many sections that featured women that represented many cultures and professions. Paul and Lucy Burns walked in a section of college women who wore dark caps and gowns.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Amelia R. Fry, \u201cConversations with Alice Paul&quot; https:\/\/oac.cdlib.org\/view?docId=kt6f59n89c&amp;doc.view=entire_text. 75.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-21\" href=\"#footnote-554-21\" aria-label=\"Footnote 21\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[21]<\/sup><\/a> On the first page of the Official Program of the Woman Suffrage Parade 1913 that was passed out during the event, there is a foreword section. It explains the purpose of the procession is to demand an amendment to the United States constitution, and that in nine states there already is full suffrage. On the sides of this page, there are small biographies on Alice Paul and Lucy Burns.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Woman Suffrage Procession, Official program woman suffrage procession. Washington, D. C. March 3, 1913. Pdf. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2020780515\/. Library of Congress. 3\" id=\"return-footnote-554-22\" href=\"#footnote-554-22\" aria-label=\"Footnote 22\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[22]<\/sup><\/a> Photographs of the parade and this program showcase how beautiful and well thought out this event was.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 1100px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tile.loc.gov\/storage-services\/service\/mss\/mnwp\/159\/159054v.jpg\" width=\"1100\" height=\"704\" alt=\"\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">College section of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"College section of the March 3, suffrage parade in Washington, D.C. Washington D.C. United States, 1913. Mar. 3. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000444\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-23\" href=\"#footnote-554-23\" aria-label=\"Footnote 23\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Hostility<\/h4>\n<p>The parade did not commence completely without issue, crowds began to block the path of the marchers soon after they began walking down Pennsylvania Avenue. Men filled the streets, shouting obscenities and being hostile toward the women.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"National Park Service, \u201c1913 Woman Suffrage Procession\u201d (November 5, 2021) https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/woman-suffrage-procession1913.htm.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-24\" href=\"#footnote-554-24\" aria-label=\"Footnote 24\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[24]<\/sup><\/a> U.S. Army troops on horseback came an hour later to open the blockage and clear the blocks as the parade commenced.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Amelia R. Fry, \u201cConversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment\u201d Suffragists Oral History Project. (1972). Online Archive of California. https:\/\/oac.cdlib.org\/view?docId=kt6f59n89c&amp;doc.view=entire_text. 78.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-25\" href=\"#footnote-554-25\" aria-label=\"Footnote 25\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>According to Alice Paul in an interview she did with Amelia Fry in 1972, the police did the best they could managing the crowds and helping the parade. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Amelia R. Fry, \u201cConversations with Alice Paul&quot; https:\/\/oac.cdlib.org\/view?docId=kt6f59n89c&amp;doc.view=entire_text. 79.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-26\" href=\"#footnote-554-26\" aria-label=\"Footnote 26\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[26]<\/sup><\/a> However, there was an investigation by the United States Senate on the conduct of the police during the parade. Some of the ladies at the parade testified the police could have done more to erase the hostile mobs. Witnesses, testimonies, and the parade legal documents such as the permits were presented in this trial. Police officers testified they understood they were to help the parade commence and do their best to stop any interruptions. According to the Senate report on this trial, over 700 officers were tasked with caring for the parade, over 200 more officers who were there for the presidential inauguration the next day also helped with the parade.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"United States Senate. https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. XII\" id=\"return-footnote-554-27\" href=\"#footnote-554-27\" aria-label=\"Footnote 27\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[27]<\/sup><\/a> At the end of the trial, it was concluded the path for the marchers was not adequately cleared and the parade was not protected as it should have been.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"United States Senate. https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. XV\" id=\"return-footnote-554-28\" href=\"#footnote-554-28\" aria-label=\"Footnote 28\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Police presence and investigation by the United States Senate brought even more attention and importance to the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade. Getting the government involved with how smoothly the parade commenced shows how massive this event was. Hostile mobs of people blocking the path of the women show how controversial the subject of woman suffrage was. It paints the women leading the parade in a courageous light. Strong emotions of the public on topics is what gets the United States government to make decisions on change.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tile.loc.gov\/storage-services\/service\/mss\/mnwp\/159\/159053r.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"479\" alt=\"\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crowds blocking parade route during the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This photograph shows the Woman Suffrage Parade walking down Pennsylvania Avenue with the Capitol Building in the background. Males make up the majority of the crowd blocking the path of the women. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Leet Brothers, &quot;Crowd converging on marchers and blocking parade route during March 3, inaugural suffrage procession&quot;, Washington, D.C. , March 3, 1913. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000443\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-29\" href=\"#footnote-554-29\" aria-label=\"Footnote 29\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h6>Parade&#8217;s Impact<\/h6>\n<h4>Parade in the Press<\/h4>\n<p>Newspapers across the country covered the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession the day of the parade. It made Washington D.C. &#8216;s The Evening Star front page with the headline, \u201cSuffrage crusaders in thrilling pageant take city by storm\u201d. In this coverage, it expresses that the procession demanded a constitutional amendment for woman suffrage. It also talks about the detail of the floats and costumes, how they were beautiful, and represented suffrage history. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Evening Star. (Washington, D.C.), March 3, 1913. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83045462\/1913-03-03\/ed-1\/?sp=1&amp;r=-0.04,0.393,0.35,0.224,0.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-30\" href=\"#footnote-554-30\" aria-label=\"Footnote 30\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In the days that followed the parade, the press mostly covered the mobs of people who tried to block the marchers, and the police actions in response. This was elongated by the investigation of the D.C. police tasked with protecting the parade. In Boston, Massachusetts the parade was covered on the front page of the Woman\u2019s Journal on March 8, 1913. \u201cParade Struggles to victory despite disgraceful scenes\u201d it discusses how Congress is investigating the actions of the police, and the mobs that were not cleared for the marchers.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Woman's Journal and Suffrage News. (Boston, Massachusetts), March 8, 1913. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716777\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-31\" href=\"#footnote-554-31\" aria-label=\"Footnote 31\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[31]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Similarly, The Chicago Daily Tribune covered the mobs blocking the parade on the front page of their newspaper on March 4, 1913.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"The Chicago Daily Tribune. (Chicago, Illinois), March 4, 1913. Photograph. https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/article\/chicago-tribune-mobs-block-suffrage-para\/150090338\/.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-32\" href=\"#footnote-554-32\" aria-label=\"Footnote 32\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[32]<\/sup><\/a> This nationwide press coverage helped spread the word of the suffrage demand along with the NAWSA organization\u2019s key women. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns became icons of the suffrage movement and continued protesting across the states.<\/p>\n<h4>Alice Paul and Lucy Burns After the Parade<\/h4>\n<p>Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, leader of the NAWSA organization, was enthusiastic after the parade finished. Despite previous opinions that the parade was unnecessary, she stated afterwards the parade, \u201chas done more for suffrage, to firmly establish those who were wavering and to bring to our ranks thousands of others.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 161.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-33\" href=\"#footnote-554-33\" aria-label=\"Footnote 33\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[33]<\/sup><\/a>She expressed her gratitude to Paul and Burns, and offered to use NAWSA funds to continue holding protest meetings in Washington. While Paul stayed in Washington and prepared witnesses for the Senate hearings on the Parade, Lucy went home. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 162.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-34\" href=\"#footnote-554-34\" aria-label=\"Footnote 34\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[34]<\/sup><\/a> In the midst of these hearings, Paul had the opportunity to meet with President Woodrow Wilson in the oval office to discuss woman suffrage.<\/p>\n<p>Alice Paul aimed at convincing the President on a suffrage amendment, even though she knew amendments were passed by both houses of Congress. However, she knew the power and influence of the President. Three of the women she chose to meet the President knew him socially, one was married to a supporter of Wilson&#8217;s and the other two were related to Democratic congressmen. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 164.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-35\" href=\"#footnote-554-35\" aria-label=\"Footnote 35\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[35]<\/sup><\/a> Wilson sat with the women in the office, and Paul quickly expressed that the issue of suffrage was the biggest issue of the time. She explained that in nine states, women can vote, and the rest of the states should unite in that decision. Wilson listened to Paul and the women, but told them Congress has bigger issues to discuss, and brushed them off. At the end of the meeting, Wilson said he would &#8220;consider their views&#8221;, and Paul continued to write him letters and encouraged more suffragists to write to him.<\/p>\n<p>Paul got the chance to meet with President Woodrow Wilson due to the Senate trial on the police action during the Suffrage Parade. This helped push woman suffrage further in the thoughts of the president as well as the government as a whole. The Suffrage Parade of 1913 helped push the United States toward the 19th amendment.<\/p>\n<h4>Woodrow Wilson After the Parade<\/h4>\n<p>During the first term of Wilson&#8217;s presidency, Wilson firmly believed that the suffrage decision should be made state-by-state, and not through an amendment. Inez Millholland, lead horseback marcher of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade, passed away in 1916. After her death, Paul attempted to get President Wilson to receive a &#8220;Milholland Memorial Delegation&#8221;. After multiple attempts she finally got him to publicly speak on Millholland&#8217;s death.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 254.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-36\" href=\"#footnote-554-36\" aria-label=\"Footnote 36\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[36]<\/sup><\/a> Wilson had begun to support woman suffrage at that point more than he ever had. However, he did not publicly push for the amendment until his party demanded it.<\/p>\n<p>In late 1917, Alice Paul, Lucy Burns and eleven other suffragists were arrested for protesting at the White House Gates with banners. The imprisonment of the women put even more pressure on Wilson&#8217;s administration. In court, Paul stated she would not enter any pleas, &#8220;We do not consider ourselves subject to this court since, as an unenfranchised class, we have nothing to do with the making of the laws.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 279\" id=\"return-footnote-554-37\" href=\"#footnote-554-37\" aria-label=\"Footnote 37\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[37]<\/sup><\/a> The other women followed Paul&#8217;s decision and refused to plea or cooperate with their trials. The women were found guilty of obstructing traffic and put in jail. Paul realized that being imprisoned brought more attention to the suffrage movement and her actions. She began a hunger strike, not eating much for days, and continued to write letters to fellow suffragists in hopes they would then send letters to the President. After four months, the cases were dismissed and she was released.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 296.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-38\" href=\"#footnote-554-38\" aria-label=\"Footnote 38\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[38]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h6>19th Amendment<\/h6>\n<p>In the fall of 1917, just after Alice Paul\u2019s incarceration and hunger strike, the state of New York was the 12th state to pass a full woman suffrage amendment to its state constitution. This was the first state on the east coast to pass the amendment. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson publicly endorsed a constitutional suffrage amendment while in his second presidential term. By June of 1919, the House of Representatives and the Senate both passed the 19th amendment. In August of 1920, Tennessee \u201cbecame the 36th state to ratify the amendment\u201d <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201c19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women\u2019s Right To Vote (1920),\u201d National Archives and Records Administration, last modified February 8, 2022, https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/19th-amendment.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-39\" href=\"#footnote-554-39\" aria-label=\"Footnote 39\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[39]<\/sup><\/a>, finally gaining the three-fourths agreement needed by the states. The 19th Amendment became ratified on August 18, 1920.<\/p>\n<p>Alice Paul joined millions of American women voting for the first time during the presidential election of 1920. Many suffragists, including NAWSA leader Anna Howard Shaw, passed before the amendment\u2019s ratification. However, women across the country celebrated victory for all suffragists who fought during the struggle for woman suffrage. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 320.\" id=\"return-footnote-554-40\" href=\"#footnote-554-40\" aria-label=\"Footnote 40\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[40]<\/sup><\/a> Alice Paul used the momentum from the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade to continue contributing toward the passing of the 19th amendment. Including constant pressure on President Wilson, being incarcerated for protesting, and beginning a hunger strike for suffrage.<\/p>\n<h6>Conclusion<\/h6>\n<p>On March 3, 1913 more than five thousand women began marching at the Capitol Building, toward the White House, and finally arriving at Continental Hall. These women participating in the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 demanded a constitutional amendment allowing women the right to vote. Taking place the day before President Woodrow Wilson\u2019s first presidential inauguration. This parade caused immediate pressure on the president to officially recognize the efforts of suffragists. The magnitude of this parade put its organizers Alice Paul and Lucy Burns in the spotlight. Their continued push for the amendment, including meetings with President Wilson, being incarcerated for protest, and starting a hunger strike while in jail furthered the push for the 19th amendment. Therefore, the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade was vital to the eventual passing and ratification of the 19th amendment to the United States constitution.<\/p>\n<h1>Works Cited<\/h1>\n<p>Benjamin Dale. \u201c Official Program Cover: Woman Suffrage Procession.\u201d March 3, 1913. Photograph. Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/ppmsca.12512\/.<\/p>\n<p>Cahill, Cathleen. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. The University of North Carolina Press. 2020.<\/p>\n<p>The Chicago Daily Tribune. \u201cMob at Capitol Defy Police; Block Suffrage Parade.\u201d March 4, 1913. Newspaper. Chicago, Illinois. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/article\/chicago-tribune-mobs-block-suffrage-para\/150090338\/\">https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/article\/chicago-tribune-mobs-block-suffrage-para\/150090338\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Dodd, Lynda G. Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship. February 28, 2013. Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2226351.<\/p>\n<p>Evening Star. \u201cCity Suffrage-Mad for a Time.\u201d March 3, 1913. Newspaper. Washington, D.C. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83045462\/1913-03-03\/ed-1\/?sp=1&amp;r=-0.04,0.393,0.35,0.224,0\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83045462\/1913-03-03\/ed-1\/?sp=1&amp;r=-0.04,0.393,0.35,0.224,0<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Leet Brothers. &#8220;Crowd converging on marchers and blocking parade route during March 3, inaugural suffrage procession.\u201d March 3, 1913. Photograph. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000443\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000443\/<\/a>.\/<\/p>\n<p>National Archives and Records Administration. \u201c19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women\u2019s Right To Vote (1920).\u201d Last modified February 8, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/19th-amendment\">https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/19th-amendment<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The National American Woman Suffrage Association. \u201cOfficial program woman suffrage procession.\u201d March 3, 1913. Library of Congress. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2020780515\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2020780515\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>United States National Park Service. \u201c1913 Woman Suffrage Procession.\u201d Accessed November 12, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/woman-suffrage-procession1913.htm\">https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/woman-suffrage-procession1913.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>United States National Park Service. \u201cLucy Burns.\u201d Last modified August, 2024.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/people\/lucy-burns.htm\">https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/people\/lucy-burns.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>United States Senate. \u201cSenate Committee Report on the Suffrage Parade Investigation.\u201d 1913.\u00a0 Available at PDF: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm\">https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Unknown Photographer. \u201cCollege section of the March 3, Suffrage Parade in Washington, D.C.\u201d March 3, 1913. Photograph. Library of Congress. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000444\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000444\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Windsor McCay. \u201cSuffrage March Line: How thousands of women parade today at Capitol.\u201d March 4, 1913. Drawing. New York Evening Journal. Library of Congress. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Woman\u2019s Journal and Suffrage News. Front Page. \u201cParade struggles to victory despite disgraceful scenes.\u201d March 8, 1913. Boston, Massachusetts. Newspaper. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716777\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716777\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Zahniser, J.D. and Fry, Amelia. Alice Paul: Claiming Power. Oxford University Press. 2014. Kindle Edition.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-554-1\">Benjamin Dale, Official Program Cover: Woman Suffrage Procession (Drawing for the official program of the Woman Suffrage Parade 1913, March 3, 1913). Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/ppmsca.12512\/. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-2\">Winsor McCay, Suffrage March Line: How thousands of women parade today at Capitol (Drawing for the New York Evening Journal, March 4, 1913). Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-3\">United States Senate, Senate Committee Report on the Suffrage Parade Investigation (1913). Available at PDF: https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. IV. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-4\">Jill Diane (J.D.) Zahniser and Amelia R. Fry, Alice Paul: Claiming Power (Oxford University Press, 2014). <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-5\">Cathleen D. Cahill, Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2020). <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-6\">Lynda G. Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship (24 J. L. &amp; Pol. 339, 2008). Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2226351. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-7\">Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison, 346 <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-8\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 5.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-9\">Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison, 354 <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-10\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 25.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-10\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 10\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-11\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 19.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-11\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 11\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-12\">Dodd, Parades, Pickets, and Prison, 356.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-12\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 12\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-13\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 71.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-13\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 13\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-14\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 113.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-14\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 14\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-15\">Cahill, Recasting the Vote, 97. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-15\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 15\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-16\">National Park Service, \u201cLucy Burns\u201d (August, 2024.) https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/people\/lucy-burns.htm. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-16\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 16\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-17\">Cahill, Recasting the Vote, 97. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-17\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 17\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-18\">Cahill, Recasting the Vote, 98.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-18\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 18\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-19\">United States Senate. https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. IV. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-19\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 19\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-20\">McCay, <em>Suffrage March Line,<\/em> Library of Congress. (1913) https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716780\/. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-20\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 20\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-21\">Amelia R. Fry, \u201cConversations with Alice Paul\" https:\/\/oac.cdlib.org\/view?docId=kt6f59n89c&amp;doc.view=entire_text. 75. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-21\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 21\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-22\">Woman Suffrage Procession, Official program woman suffrage procession. Washington, D. C. March 3, 1913. Pdf. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2020780515\/. Library of Congress. 3 <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-22\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 22\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-23\">College section of the March 3, suffrage parade in Washington, D.C. Washington D.C. United States, 1913. Mar. 3. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000444\/. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-23\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 23\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-24\">National Park Service, \u201c1913 Woman Suffrage Procession\u201d (November 5, 2021) https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/woman-suffrage-procession1913.htm. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-24\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 24\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-25\">Amelia R. Fry, \u201cConversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment\u201d Suffragists Oral History Project. (1972). Online Archive of California. https:\/\/oac.cdlib.org\/view?docId=kt6f59n89c&amp;doc.view=entire_text. 78. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-25\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 25\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-26\">Amelia R. Fry, \u201cConversations with Alice Paul\" https:\/\/oac.cdlib.org\/view?docId=kt6f59n89c&amp;doc.view=entire_text. 79. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-26\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 26\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-27\">United States Senate. https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. XII <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-27\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 27\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-28\">United States Senate. https:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/common\/image\/1913SuffrageParadeReport.htm. XV <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-28\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 28\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-29\">Leet Brothers, \"Crowd converging on marchers and blocking parade route during March 3, inaugural suffrage procession\", Washington, D.C. , March 3, 1913. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/mnwp000443\/. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-29\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 29\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-30\">Evening Star. (Washington, D.C.), March 3, 1913. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83045462\/1913-03-03\/ed-1\/?sp=1&amp;r=-0.04,0.393,0.35,0.224,0. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-30\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 30\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-31\">Woman's Journal and Suffrage News. (Boston, Massachusetts), March 8, 1913. Photograph. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2002716777\/. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-31\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 31\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-32\">The Chicago Daily Tribune. (Chicago, Illinois), March 4, 1913. Photograph. https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/article\/chicago-tribune-mobs-block-suffrage-para\/150090338\/. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-32\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 32\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-33\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 161. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-33\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 33\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-34\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 162. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-34\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 34\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-35\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 164. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-35\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 35\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-36\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 254. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-36\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 36\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-37\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 279 <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-37\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 37\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-38\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 296. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-38\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 38\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-39\"> \u201c19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women\u2019s Right To Vote (1920),\u201d National Archives and Records Administration, last modified February 8, 2022, https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/19th-amendment. <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-39\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 39\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-554-40\">Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 320.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-554-40\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 40\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":392,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-554","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":232,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/392"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/554\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":682,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/554\/revisions\/682"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/232"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/554\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=554"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=554"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/ppgsed24\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}