Chapter 5 – How Government Is Organized
5.1 Levels of Government
The structure of government in the United States is based on the principle of federalism, which distributes power between a central government and regional governments. In practice, this means authority is divided between the federal government and the states. Local governments operate within this system under the authority of the states. Ideally, these levels work together to serve the public. In reality, their interactions are often marked by disagreement, competition, and negotiation.
Federal Government
The federal government has authority over issues that affect the entire nation. It is responsible for matters such as national defense, foreign relations, and economic activity that crosses state borders. The U.S. Constitution provides this authority and includes the Supremacy Clause, which establishes that federal law overrides conflicting state laws. Despite this, states often argue that federal policies go too far, and disputes between the two levels of government frequently end up in court or in political standoffs.
State Government
Each state operates under its own constitution, which serves as its fundamental law. States manage education, transportation, and public safety, along with other areas important to residents’ daily lives. For example, states run public schools, oversee state highways, and maintain emergency services. States value their autonomy, but they must also follow federal requirements, which can create tension when state policies differ from federal priorities.
Branches of Government
At each level—federal, state, and local—government is further divided into branches. The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch carries out those laws, and the judicial branch interprets them. This structure is meant to prevent the concentration of power and to provide balance. While the system is designed to work smoothly, political differences and competing priorities often create delays, disputes, and complex negotiations across these branches.
Separation of Powers & Checks and Balances
The U.S. system of government divides authority into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. This is called separation of powers. Each branch has unique responsibilities and limits on what it can do.
To keep any branch from becoming too powerful, the Constitution also created checks and balances. This means each branch has the ability to limit the others. For example, the president can veto a bill, but Congress can override that veto, and courts can strike down laws that violate the Constitution. These safeguards were built to maintain balance, though in practice political conflict sometimes weakens their effectiveness.
Local Government
Local governments are closest to the people. They include counties, cities, townships, and special districts. Local governments manage zoning, utilities, policing, fire protection, and community health services. Their authority is defined by state constitutions and state law. Local governments often face challenges because they depend on state resources and are limited in how they can raise funds. When state leaders impose rules without financial support, local officials may struggle to meet community needs.
If you would like to learn more about state and local government, feel free to skim through my other textbook.
