{"id":114,"date":"2016-07-19T13:10:38","date_gmt":"2016-07-19T13:10:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/chapter\/national-borders-as-foreign-intervention\/"},"modified":"2022-10-31T00:43:57","modified_gmt":"2022-10-31T00:43:57","slug":"national-borders-as-foreign-intervention","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/chapter\/national-borders-as-foreign-intervention\/","title":{"rendered":"Part 4. National Borders as Foreign Intervention"},"content":{"raw":"As some of our students have observed in class, there is a predominance of straight borders on the Middle Eastern map (see link below).\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/07\/Middle_East_location_map_Update.png<\/a>\r\n\r\nThe national boundaries on the map of the Middle East and North Africa greatly oversimplify, or actually erase, many of the linguistic and cultural identities of the Middle East. This is because the borders were only based in part on local ideas, always formed in negotiation with European decision-makers. Some of them were almost entirely imposed from the outside. The examples of Jordan and Kuwait illustrate this:\r\n
\u201cDuring a five day conference in 1922 at Uqair in Eastern Saudi Arabia Sir Percy persuaded Arabia\u2019s future monarch, Ibn Saud, to recognize Iraq. . and determined Iraq\u2019s borders with Kuwait and the Nejd.\u201d Kingmakers, p. 188\r\n\r\n\u201cTaking out a map and a pencil, Cox drew the boundary between Iraq and the Nejd. The borders with Syria and the Transjordan were penned similarly. . The International Boundary Commission. . .\u201d p. 189<\/blockquote>\r\n
\u201cWinston Churchill, then British Colonial Secretary, allegedly claimed that he created the borders for the British mandate Transjordan, roughly modern-day Jordan, \u2018with the stroke of a pen\u2019 one Sunday afternoon in Cairo.\u2019\u201d (Diener, 2010, p.189)<\/blockquote>\r\nThe term \"Middle East\" reflects a European worldview, originally imposed on the Middle East through colonization. This is why, if you decide to study the Middle East further or visit there, you may encounter conflicting geographical definitions. \u00a0Often the term \u201cMiddle East\u201d is employed, while at the same time some\u00a0may choose to speak about their country as part of \u201cWest Asia,\u201d \u201cNorth Africa,\u201d or even \u201cEurope\u201d (in the case of Turkey). It is important to be aware of the political connotations of the various terms.\r\n\r\nIt is misleading that \u201cThe West\u201d came to refer to anything of European cultural origin, in contrast with any other community worldwide (not exclusively \u201cthe East\u201d). This binary often, but not accurately, is associated with the axes of \u201cFirst World\u201d and \u201cThird World,\u201d \u201cDeveloped\u201d and \u201cDeveloping,\u201d etc. \u00a0The line between European\/European settler states that were much more modern, or \u201cdeveloped\u201d, and all the other countries of the world, is no longer valid, however. Global health scholar, Hans Rosling, has culled USAID statistic since the 1950s which show that, while there once was a gap, in the past 60 odd years lifestyles have become increasingly similar (2009).","rendered":"

As some of our students have observed in class, there is a predominance of straight borders on the Middle Eastern map (see link below).<\/p>\n

https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/07\/Middle_East_location_map_Update.png<\/a><\/p>\n

The national boundaries on the map of the Middle East and North Africa greatly oversimplify, or actually erase, many of the linguistic and cultural identities of the Middle East. This is because the borders were only based in part on local ideas, always formed in negotiation with European decision-makers. Some of them were almost entirely imposed from the outside. The examples of Jordan and Kuwait illustrate this:<\/p>\n

\u201cDuring a five day conference in 1922 at Uqair in Eastern Saudi Arabia Sir Percy persuaded Arabia\u2019s future monarch, Ibn Saud, to recognize Iraq. . and determined Iraq\u2019s borders with Kuwait and the Nejd.\u201d Kingmakers, p. 188<\/p>\n

\u201cTaking out a map and a pencil, Cox drew the boundary between Iraq and the Nejd. The borders with Syria and the Transjordan were penned similarly. . The International Boundary Commission. . .\u201d p. 189<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cWinston Churchill, then British Colonial Secretary, allegedly claimed that he created the borders for the British mandate Transjordan, roughly modern-day Jordan, \u2018with the stroke of a pen\u2019 one Sunday afternoon in Cairo.\u2019\u201d (Diener, 2010, p.189)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The term “Middle East” reflects a European worldview, originally imposed on the Middle East through colonization. This is why, if you decide to study the Middle East further or visit there, you may encounter conflicting geographical definitions. \u00a0Often the term \u201cMiddle East\u201d is employed, while at the same time some\u00a0may choose to speak about their country as part of \u201cWest Asia,\u201d \u201cNorth Africa,\u201d or even \u201cEurope\u201d (in the case of Turkey). It is important to be aware of the political connotations of the various terms.<\/p>\n

It is misleading that \u201cThe West\u201d came to refer to anything of European cultural origin, in contrast with any other community worldwide (not exclusively \u201cthe East\u201d). This binary often, but not accurately, is associated with the axes of \u201cFirst World\u201d and \u201cThird World,\u201d \u201cDeveloped\u201d and \u201cDeveloping,\u201d etc. \u00a0The line between European\/European settler states that were much more modern, or \u201cdeveloped\u201d, and all the other countries of the world, is no longer valid, however. Global health scholar, Hans Rosling, has culled USAID statistic since the 1950s which show that, while there once was a gap, in the past 60 odd years lifestyles have become increasingly similar (2009).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-114","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":107,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":393,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/revisions\/393"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/107"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}