{"id":79,"date":"2016-12-30T19:18:35","date_gmt":"2016-12-30T19:18:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/chapter\/religious-diversity\/"},"modified":"2022-11-04T01:47:32","modified_gmt":"2022-11-04T01:47:32","slug":"religious-diversity","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/chapter\/religious-diversity\/","title":{"rendered":"Part 3. Religious Diversity"},"content":{"raw":"Within each of these religions there is immense diversity. For example, many don\u2019t know how diverse the state of Israel is in reality. Not only Jewish, Israeli citizens can be Muslim, Druze or Christian. They can be Arab, in addition to Jews of every ethnic heritage both in Israel and around the world. In general, Jews with European heritage are called Ashkenazi Jews, while Jews from the Middle East are called Sephardic Jews, or <em>Mizrachim<\/em>. The diversity is hardly limited to those two categories, however. Individuals from every continent and cultural background make up the population. Core tenets from the Torah are shared by all Jewish communities, but the practices surrounding them vary from community to community.\r\n\r\nLikewise, there is much diversity within Muslim-majority countries, and within the global Muslim population as a whole. Several communities follow religious practices which emphasize different aspects than mainstream Islam, have separated into a theology, or combine theologies with other religions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u2018Alawi Shi\u2019ism: a form of Shi\u2019ism, but more centered on venerating \u2018Ali. There are many communities in Syria and Turkey (Bashar al-Assad, the President of Syria, is an \u2018Alawite)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Druze Faith: Islamic foundation, but radically different practices and theology<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Bahai\u2019 Faith: Related to Shi\u2019i Islam, recognizing a prophet who came after Muhammad, however.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Yazidism; Combination of Islam, Zoroastrian and other traditions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese facets of diversity show how many minority groups there are, and have been, in the Middle East, and how problematic it can be to generalize about the religious outlook of a country, or even a small area within a country. In the U.S. and other countries around the world, many Middle Eastern immigrants represent minority communities of the Middle East (see image gallery, left, of celebrities with diverse Middle Eastern religious and cultural identities).\r\n\r\nThe minority communities of Jews and Christians used to be a much larger percentage in most of the countries of the Middle East.\u00a0 Post-World War I European interventions often had the effect of concentrating ethnic-religious groups into specific countries. \u00a0For example, the Greek Christian\/Muslim Greek population exchange of 1923, which was a continuation of the Christian\/Muslim migrations that resulted from the Greek\/Turkish war.\u00a0 At the same time, war devastated many other communities who were expelled, such as the Armenians.\u00a0 These trends intensified as nation states developed out of prior colonies\/mandates, and other territories impacted by European imperialism.\r\n\r\nThe violent demographic shifts that occurred in the Middle East over the course of the 20th century created, and continue to create many new Middle Eastern diaspora communities worldwide. The effect has been dwindling minorities in countries which lost much of these populations, and the underrepresentation of nations which did not succeed in forming a nation-state country of their their own. The Kurds a currently in the headlines as a prominent stateless nation, and a community\/ies with complicated relationships with the governments Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran, where Kurds reside.\r\n\r\nThe creation of Israel was another influence on the demographic make-up of the Middle East. It drew large Jewish populations from many of the Middle Eastern countries, especially Morocco, Yemen, and Iran. Other countries were affected, as well. Jewish communities remain in those countries, but their numbers are severely diminished. For example, Afghanistan used to have a thriving Jewish population, but there is now only one remaining Jewish resident of the country (Englehart,2009).\r\n\r\nChristian communities in Middle Eastern countries are perhaps the least represented communities in mainstream information sources. Assyrians, Armenians, Copts, and other cultural groups that are predominantly Christian, are increasingly minoritized in Muslim-majority countries while at the same time many of their communities in diaspora. Only Armenians have their own nation-state. At the same time, they are more prominent here in the U.S., where we are writing this book, because communities make up a larger percentage of the total number of individuals who have emigrated from the Middle East to the U.S., than do Muslims. Therefore, it is more likely for one to meet a Christian with Middle Eastern heritage in the U.S. than in the region.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_77\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"325\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/rosie-malek-yonan.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2017\/01\/rosie-malek-yonan.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Iranian-Assyrian filmmaker, Rosie Malek Yonan. \" width=\"325\" height=\"433\" class=\"wp-image-73\" \/><\/a> Iranian-Assyrian filmmaker, Rosie Malek Yonan.<br \/>\u201cRosieMalek-Yonan.jpg\u201d by RMY, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_77\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"330\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/andre-agassi-e1483741656190.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/andre-agassi-e1483741656190.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Andre Agassi\" width=\"330\" height=\"329\" class=\"wp-image-74 size-full\" \/><\/a> Andre Agassi, famous American tennis player with Iranian, Assyrian, and Armenian heritage \u201cAndre Agassi Indian Wells 2006.jpg\u201d by Akademan, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5[\/caption]\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 50px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 50px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_77\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"330\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/hrant-dink-e1483741712144.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/hrant-dink-e1483741712144.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Hrant Dink\" width=\"330\" height=\"330\" class=\"wp-image-75\" \/><\/a> Poster of Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink who was assassinated in 2007 \u201cHrant Dink Istanbul Bienale.jpg\u201d by N\u00e9rostrateur, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY 2.5[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_77\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"202\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/paula-abdul.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/paula-abdul.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Paula Abdul\" width=\"202\" height=\"302\" class=\"size-full wp-image-76\" \/><\/a> Paula Abdul, American singer of Syrian-Jewish descent<br \/>\u201cPaula Abdul 2007.jpg\u201d by Toglenn, from Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_77\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"214\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Camille-Chamoun-214x300.png\" alt=\"Image of Camille Chamoun\" width=\"214\" height=\"300\" class=\"wp-image-77 size-medium\" \/> Maronite Christian President of Lebanon from 1952 to 1958, Camille Chamoun, \u201cCamille chamoun.jpg\u201d by Ashoola, from Wikipedia, licensed under C.C.0[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_77\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"224\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1-224x300.jpg\" alt=\"Image of \u00a0Iranian-Israeli singer, Rita Yahan-Farouz &quot;Rita Yahan Farouz1.jpg\u201d by Itzik Edri, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0\" width=\"224\" height=\"300\" class=\"wp-image-78 size-medium\" \/><\/a> Iranian-Israeli singer, Rita Yahan-Farouz \"Rita Yahan Farouz1.jpg\u201d by Itzik Edri, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0[\/caption]","rendered":"<p>Within each of these religions there is immense diversity. For example, many don\u2019t know how diverse the state of Israel is in reality. Not only Jewish, Israeli citizens can be Muslim, Druze or Christian. They can be Arab, in addition to Jews of every ethnic heritage both in Israel and around the world. In general, Jews with European heritage are called Ashkenazi Jews, while Jews from the Middle East are called Sephardic Jews, or <em>Mizrachim<\/em>. The diversity is hardly limited to those two categories, however. Individuals from every continent and cultural background make up the population. Core tenets from the Torah are shared by all Jewish communities, but the practices surrounding them vary from community to community.<\/p>\n<p>Likewise, there is much diversity within Muslim-majority countries, and within the global Muslim population as a whole. Several communities follow religious practices which emphasize different aspects than mainstream Islam, have separated into a theology, or combine theologies with other religions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2018Alawi Shi\u2019ism: a form of Shi\u2019ism, but more centered on venerating \u2018Ali. There are many communities in Syria and Turkey (Bashar al-Assad, the President of Syria, is an \u2018Alawite)<\/li>\n<li>The Druze Faith: Islamic foundation, but radically different practices and theology<\/li>\n<li>The Bahai\u2019 Faith: Related to Shi\u2019i Islam, recognizing a prophet who came after Muhammad, however.<\/li>\n<li>Yazidism; Combination of Islam, Zoroastrian and other traditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These facets of diversity show how many minority groups there are, and have been, in the Middle East, and how problematic it can be to generalize about the religious outlook of a country, or even a small area within a country. In the U.S. and other countries around the world, many Middle Eastern immigrants represent minority communities of the Middle East (see image gallery, left, of celebrities with diverse Middle Eastern religious and cultural identities).<\/p>\n<p>The minority communities of Jews and Christians used to be a much larger percentage in most of the countries of the Middle East.\u00a0 Post-World War I European interventions often had the effect of concentrating ethnic-religious groups into specific countries. \u00a0For example, the Greek Christian\/Muslim Greek population exchange of 1923, which was a continuation of the Christian\/Muslim migrations that resulted from the Greek\/Turkish war.\u00a0 At the same time, war devastated many other communities who were expelled, such as the Armenians.\u00a0 These trends intensified as nation states developed out of prior colonies\/mandates, and other territories impacted by European imperialism.<\/p>\n<p>The violent demographic shifts that occurred in the Middle East over the course of the 20th century created, and continue to create many new Middle Eastern diaspora communities worldwide. The effect has been dwindling minorities in countries which lost much of these populations, and the underrepresentation of nations which did not succeed in forming a nation-state country of their their own. The Kurds a currently in the headlines as a prominent stateless nation, and a community\/ies with complicated relationships with the governments Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran, where Kurds reside.<\/p>\n<p>The creation of Israel was another influence on the demographic make-up of the Middle East. It drew large Jewish populations from many of the Middle Eastern countries, especially Morocco, Yemen, and Iran. Other countries were affected, as well. Jewish communities remain in those countries, but their numbers are severely diminished. For example, Afghanistan used to have a thriving Jewish population, but there is now only one remaining Jewish resident of the country (Englehart,2009).<\/p>\n<p>Christian communities in Middle Eastern countries are perhaps the least represented communities in mainstream information sources. Assyrians, Armenians, Copts, and other cultural groups that are predominantly Christian, are increasingly minoritized in Muslim-majority countries while at the same time many of their communities in diaspora. Only Armenians have their own nation-state. At the same time, they are more prominent here in the U.S., where we are writing this book, because communities make up a larger percentage of the total number of individuals who have emigrated from the Middle East to the U.S., than do Muslims. Therefore, it is more likely for one to meet a Christian with Middle Eastern heritage in the U.S. than in the region.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_77\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77\" style=\"width: 325px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/rosie-malek-yonan.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2017\/01\/rosie-malek-yonan.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Iranian-Assyrian filmmaker, Rosie Malek Yonan.\" width=\"325\" height=\"433\" class=\"wp-image-73\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2017\/01\/rosie-malek-yonan.jpg 512w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2017\/01\/rosie-malek-yonan-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2017\/01\/rosie-malek-yonan-65x87.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2017\/01\/rosie-malek-yonan-350x467.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-77\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Iranian-Assyrian filmmaker, Rosie Malek Yonan.<br \/>\u201cRosieMalek-Yonan.jpg\u201d by RMY, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_77\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77\" style=\"width: 330px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/andre-agassi-e1483741656190.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/andre-agassi-e1483741656190.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Andre Agassi\" width=\"330\" height=\"329\" class=\"wp-image-74 size-full\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-77\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andre Agassi, famous American tennis player with Iranian, Assyrian, and Armenian heritage \u201cAndre Agassi Indian Wells 2006.jpg\u201d by Akademan, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 50px\">\n<td style=\"height: 50px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure id=\"attachment_77\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77\" style=\"width: 330px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/hrant-dink-e1483741712144.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/hrant-dink-e1483741712144.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Hrant Dink\" width=\"330\" height=\"330\" class=\"wp-image-75\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-77\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poster of Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink who was assassinated in 2007 \u201cHrant Dink Istanbul Bienale.jpg\u201d by N\u00e9rostrateur, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY 2.5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_77\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77\" style=\"width: 202px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/paula-abdul.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/paula-abdul.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Paula Abdul\" width=\"202\" height=\"302\" class=\"size-full wp-image-76\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/paula-abdul.jpg 305w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/paula-abdul-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/paula-abdul-65x97.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/paula-abdul-225x337.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 202px) 100vw, 202px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-77\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paula Abdul, American singer of Syrian-Jewish descent<br \/>\u201cPaula Abdul 2007.jpg\u201d by Toglenn, from Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_77\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77\" style=\"width: 214px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Camille-Chamoun-214x300.png\" alt=\"Image of Camille Chamoun\" width=\"214\" height=\"300\" class=\"wp-image-77 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Camille-Chamoun-214x300.png 214w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Camille-Chamoun-65x91.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Camille-Chamoun-225x315.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Camille-Chamoun-350x490.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Camille-Chamoun.png 380w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-77\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maronite Christian President of Lebanon from 1952 to 1958, Camille Chamoun, \u201cCamille chamoun.jpg\u201d by Ashoola, from Wikipedia, licensed under C.C.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_77\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-77\" style=\"width: 224px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2016\/12\/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religions-of-middle-east\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1-224x300.jpg\" alt=\"Image of \u00a0Iranian-Israeli singer, Rita Yahan-Farouz &quot;Rita Yahan Farouz1.jpg\u201d by Itzik Edri, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0\" width=\"224\" height=\"300\" class=\"wp-image-78 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1-224x300.jpg 224w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1-65x87.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1-225x301.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1-350x469.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/135\/2022\/06\/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 224px) 100vw, 224px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-77\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Iranian-Israeli singer, Rita Yahan-Farouz &#8220;Rita Yahan Farouz1.jpg\u201d by Itzik Edri, from Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-79","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":57,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":416,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79\/revisions\/416"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/57"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=79"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=79"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/religionsofmiddleeast1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=79"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}