{"id":134,"date":"2019-12-04T17:30:58","date_gmt":"2019-12-04T17:30:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/chapter\/module-3-key-terms\/"},"modified":"2020-10-30T17:25:59","modified_gmt":"2020-10-30T17:25:59","slug":"module-3-key-terms","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/chapter\/module-3-key-terms\/","title":{"rendered":"Ch 2.4: Key Terms"},"content":{"raw":"

agonist: <\/strong>a chemical\/substance that activates a specific type of receptor site in the brain or body (opposite of antagonist).\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

alleles:<\/strong> the alternative forms of a gene found at a specific chromosomal location.<\/p>\r\n

amygdala: <\/strong>location in the brain associated with emotion.<\/p>\r\n

anhedonia:<\/strong> inability to experience pleasure\/happiness.<\/p>\r\n

antagonists:<\/strong> substances that block or reduce responses by blocking receptors (opposite of agonist)<\/p>\r\n

autonomic nervous system (ANS): <\/strong>portions of the nervous system responsible for controlling bodily functions outside of conscious control (e.g., digestion, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure).<\/p>\r\n

central nervous system (CNS): <\/strong>the brain and spinal cord.<\/p>\r\n

chromosomes:<\/strong> sites where genes are located; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes present in every cell, except egg and sperm cells which have 23 single chromosomes<\/p>\r\n

chromosomal regions<\/strong>: sections of a chromosome.<\/p>\r\n

concordance: <\/strong>the degree of similarity or agreement in what is being compared (e.g., a pair of twins).<\/p>\r\n

dizygotic twins:\u00a0<\/strong>twins developing from two different fertilized eggs.<\/p>\r\n

DNA<\/strong>: the hereditary material (deoxyribonucleic acid) passed from parents to offspring.<\/p>\r\n

dopamine:\u00a0<\/strong>a primary neurotransmitter (and precursor to producing other molecules, like epinephrine)<\/p>\r\n

downregulation:\u00a0<\/strong>reducing or suppressing a response or sensitivity to a substance (opposite of upregulation).<\/p>\r\n

dysphoria:\u00a0<\/strong>experience of unease or dissatisfaction with life which can be intense.<\/p>\r\n

endorphins & enkaphalins:\u00a0<\/strong>peptides in the body with brain and nervous system effects, especially with regard to opiate receptors and pain control.<\/p>\r\n

epinephrine:\u00a0<\/strong>also known as adrenaline, a stimulant\/arousing hormone released in the body that influences autonomic nervous system functions (heart rate, respiration, and muscle preparation for action), acts in opposition to norepinephrine (noradrenaline).<\/p>\r\n

excitatory neurotransmitters:\u00a0<\/strong>neurotransmitters that have an activating effect on postsynaptic neurons.<\/p>\r\n

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid):<\/strong>a neurotransmitter pervasive throughout the brain which inhibits neuron responses.<\/p>\r\n

genes<\/strong>: sections of DNA sequences that direct how\/whether biological processes occur.<\/p>\r\n

genome: <\/strong>the complete set of genes present in a cell\/organism; humans share 99.9% of their genome, with individual difference attributed to that very small remaining percent (NHGRI, 2018)<\/p>\r\n

genotype: <\/strong>the set of genes responsible for a certain trait\/characteristic.<\/p>\r\n

glial cells:\u00a0<\/strong>a type of cell in the CNS that support neurons.<\/p>\r\n

glutamate: <\/strong>an excitatory neurotransmitter.<\/p>\r\n

half-life:\u00a0<\/strong>the period of time it takes for the body to metabolize a drug by half its concentration.<\/p>\r\n

heritability:\u00a0<\/strong>estimate or measure of the contribution of genes (versus environment) to a phenotypic outcome based on a proportion of observed variance in the trait studied<\/p>\r\n

hippocampus<\/strong>: area of the brain responsible for emotion, memory, and control of the autonomic nervous system.<\/p>\r\n

homeostasis:\u00a0<\/strong>the tendency in systems to establish and maintain a relatively stable, balanced state; many physiological processes have opposites so they can work in tandem to create this balance.<\/p>\r\n

inhibitory neurotransmitters:\u00a0<\/strong>neurotransmitters that have a suppressing effect on postsynaptic neurons.<\/p>\r\n

limbic system:<\/strong>a networked system of brain regions that control basic emotions and drives.<\/p>\r\n

metabolites:\u00a0<\/strong>substances formed in the process of breaking down (metabolizing) other substances.<\/p>\r\n

monozygotic twins<\/strong>: twins developing out of the same egg fertilized by a single sperm.<\/p>\r\n

neuroanatomy: <\/strong>study of the anatomy (structures) of the nervous system.<\/p>\r\n

neurochemistry:<\/strong> study of the biochemical processes occurring in the nervous system.<\/p>\r\n

neurons<\/strong>: type of cell in the CNS (nerve cells).<\/p>\r\n

neurotransmitters:<\/strong> types of molecules involved in communication between neurons.<\/p>\r\n

norepinephrine:<\/strong> also known as noradrenaline, a suppressing\/inhibitory hormone released in the body that influences autonomic nervous system functions (heart rate, respiration, and muscle preparation for action), acts in opposition to epinephrine (adrenaline).<\/p>\r\n

nucleus accumbens<\/strong>: also called the accumbens nucleus, an area of the brain involved in the reward circuit, primarily using dopamine to stimulate desire and serotonin to establish satiation.<\/p>\r\n

pharmacokinetics:<\/strong> branch of pharmacology concerned with how drugs move and are metabolized in the body.<\/p>\r\n

pharmacotherapy:<\/strong> providing treatment by the use of medications\/drugs.<\/p>\r\n

phenotype<\/strong>: an observable\/expressed characteristic, trait, behavior, or disease outcome influenced by some combination of genotype and environment.<\/p>\r\n

polygenic<\/strong>: a trait, characteristic, or disease attributable to variation in multiple genes.<\/p>\r\n

postsynaptic neuron: <\/strong>a neuron receiving communication from another neuron.<\/p>\r\n

prefrontal cortex:<\/strong> area of the brain playing a significant role in regulating cognitive processes and higher-order thought, emotion, and behavior.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

presynaptic neuron: <\/strong>a neuron sending communication to another neuron.<\/p>\r\n

psychopharmacology:<\/strong> the study and use of psychoactive\/psychotropic medications, drugs, or other substances to create brain changes.<\/p>\r\n

receptors: <\/strong>sites on (nerve) cells where neurotransmitters have their influence if there is a match between type of neurotransmitter and receptor site.<\/p>\r\n

serotonin:<\/strong> a neurotransmitter involved in balancing emotion and mood, with a role in social behavior, sleep, memory, appetite, and sexual function.<\/p>\r\n

synapse\/synaptic cleft:<\/strong> the space between two neurons where communication by neurotransmitters takes place.<\/p>\r\n

synergism: <\/strong>the increase in strength or duration of an effect by combining two substances with similar actions.<\/p>\r\n

transporters:<\/strong> the route by which neurotransmitter molecules are returned to the presynaptic neuron vesicles.<\/p>\r\n

upregulation:<\/strong> enhancing or increasing a response or sensitivity to a substance (opposite of downregulation).<\/p>","rendered":"

agonist: <\/strong>a chemical\/substance that activates a specific type of receptor site in the brain or body (opposite of antagonist).\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

alleles:<\/strong> the alternative forms of a gene found at a specific chromosomal location.<\/p>\n

amygdala: <\/strong>location in the brain associated with emotion.<\/p>\n

anhedonia:<\/strong> inability to experience pleasure\/happiness.<\/p>\n

antagonists:<\/strong> substances that block or reduce responses by blocking receptors (opposite of agonist)<\/p>\n

autonomic nervous system (ANS): <\/strong>portions of the nervous system responsible for controlling bodily functions outside of conscious control (e.g., digestion, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure).<\/p>\n

central nervous system (CNS): <\/strong>the brain and spinal cord.<\/p>\n

chromosomes:<\/strong> sites where genes are located; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes present in every cell, except egg and sperm cells which have 23 single chromosomes<\/p>\n

chromosomal regions<\/strong>: sections of a chromosome.<\/p>\n

concordance: <\/strong>the degree of similarity or agreement in what is being compared (e.g., a pair of twins).<\/p>\n

dizygotic twins:\u00a0<\/strong>twins developing from two different fertilized eggs.<\/p>\n

DNA<\/strong>: the hereditary material (deoxyribonucleic acid) passed from parents to offspring.<\/p>\n

dopamine:\u00a0<\/strong>a primary neurotransmitter (and precursor to producing other molecules, like epinephrine)<\/p>\n

downregulation:\u00a0<\/strong>reducing or suppressing a response or sensitivity to a substance (opposite of upregulation).<\/p>\n

dysphoria:\u00a0<\/strong>experience of unease or dissatisfaction with life which can be intense.<\/p>\n

endorphins & enkaphalins:\u00a0<\/strong>peptides in the body with brain and nervous system effects, especially with regard to opiate receptors and pain control.<\/p>\n

epinephrine:\u00a0<\/strong>also known as adrenaline, a stimulant\/arousing hormone released in the body that influences autonomic nervous system functions (heart rate, respiration, and muscle preparation for action), acts in opposition to norepinephrine (noradrenaline).<\/p>\n

excitatory neurotransmitters:\u00a0<\/strong>neurotransmitters that have an activating effect on postsynaptic neurons.<\/p>\n

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid):<\/strong>a neurotransmitter pervasive throughout the brain which inhibits neuron responses.<\/p>\n

genes<\/strong>: sections of DNA sequences that direct how\/whether biological processes occur.<\/p>\n

genome: <\/strong>the complete set of genes present in a cell\/organism; humans share 99.9% of their genome, with individual difference attributed to that very small remaining percent (NHGRI, 2018)<\/p>\n

genotype: <\/strong>the set of genes responsible for a certain trait\/characteristic.<\/p>\n

glial cells:\u00a0<\/strong>a type of cell in the CNS that support neurons.<\/p>\n

glutamate: <\/strong>an excitatory neurotransmitter.<\/p>\n

half-life:\u00a0<\/strong>the period of time it takes for the body to metabolize a drug by half its concentration.<\/p>\n

heritability:\u00a0<\/strong>estimate or measure of the contribution of genes (versus environment) to a phenotypic outcome based on a proportion of observed variance in the trait studied<\/p>\n

hippocampus<\/strong>: area of the brain responsible for emotion, memory, and control of the autonomic nervous system.<\/p>\n

homeostasis:\u00a0<\/strong>the tendency in systems to establish and maintain a relatively stable, balanced state; many physiological processes have opposites so they can work in tandem to create this balance.<\/p>\n

inhibitory neurotransmitters:\u00a0<\/strong>neurotransmitters that have a suppressing effect on postsynaptic neurons.<\/p>\n

limbic system:<\/strong>a networked system of brain regions that control basic emotions and drives.<\/p>\n

metabolites:\u00a0<\/strong>substances formed in the process of breaking down (metabolizing) other substances.<\/p>\n

monozygotic twins<\/strong>: twins developing out of the same egg fertilized by a single sperm.<\/p>\n

neuroanatomy: <\/strong>study of the anatomy (structures) of the nervous system.<\/p>\n

neurochemistry:<\/strong> study of the biochemical processes occurring in the nervous system.<\/p>\n

neurons<\/strong>: type of cell in the CNS (nerve cells).<\/p>\n

neurotransmitters:<\/strong> types of molecules involved in communication between neurons.<\/p>\n

norepinephrine:<\/strong> also known as noradrenaline, a suppressing\/inhibitory hormone released in the body that influences autonomic nervous system functions (heart rate, respiration, and muscle preparation for action), acts in opposition to epinephrine (adrenaline).<\/p>\n

nucleus accumbens<\/strong>: also called the accumbens nucleus, an area of the brain involved in the reward circuit, primarily using dopamine to stimulate desire and serotonin to establish satiation.<\/p>\n

pharmacokinetics:<\/strong> branch of pharmacology concerned with how drugs move and are metabolized in the body.<\/p>\n

pharmacotherapy:<\/strong> providing treatment by the use of medications\/drugs.<\/p>\n

phenotype<\/strong>: an observable\/expressed characteristic, trait, behavior, or disease outcome influenced by some combination of genotype and environment.<\/p>\n

polygenic<\/strong>: a trait, characteristic, or disease attributable to variation in multiple genes.<\/p>\n

postsynaptic neuron: <\/strong>a neuron receiving communication from another neuron.<\/p>\n

prefrontal cortex:<\/strong> area of the brain playing a significant role in regulating cognitive processes and higher-order thought, emotion, and behavior.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

presynaptic neuron: <\/strong>a neuron sending communication to another neuron.<\/p>\n

psychopharmacology:<\/strong> the study and use of psychoactive\/psychotropic medications, drugs, or other substances to create brain changes.<\/p>\n

receptors: <\/strong>sites on (nerve) cells where neurotransmitters have their influence if there is a match between type of neurotransmitter and receptor site.<\/p>\n

serotonin:<\/strong> a neurotransmitter involved in balancing emotion and mood, with a role in social behavior, sleep, memory, appetite, and sexual function.<\/p>\n

synapse\/synaptic cleft:<\/strong> the space between two neurons where communication by neurotransmitters takes place.<\/p>\n

synergism: <\/strong>the increase in strength or duration of an effect by combining two substances with similar actions.<\/p>\n

transporters:<\/strong> the route by which neurotransmitter molecules are returned to the presynaptic neuron vesicles.<\/p>\n

upregulation:<\/strong> enhancing or increasing a response or sensitivity to a substance (opposite of downregulation).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-134","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":92,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/134\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":615,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/134\/revisions\/615"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/92"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/134\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=134"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=134"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/substancemisusepart1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}