{"id":60,"date":"2022-03-17T18:01:41","date_gmt":"2022-03-17T18:01:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/?post_type=chapter&p=60"},"modified":"2023-04-28T19:46:48","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T19:46:48","slug":"greek-cultural-garden","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/chapter\/greek-cultural-garden\/","title":{"rendered":"Greek Cultural Garden"},"content":{"raw":"\"\"\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nThe <\/span>Greek Cultural Garden is <\/span>a sunken <\/span>garden fol\u00ad<\/span>lowing <\/span>the <\/span>lines <\/span>of <\/span>a Greek <\/span>cross. <\/span>Its <\/span>simple, <\/span>classi\u00ad<\/span>cal effect, bridging the <\/span>gap <\/span>in <\/span>spirit <\/span>between <\/span>the <\/span>Periclean <\/span>age and the <\/span>modern <\/span>age <\/span>it most <\/span>resembles--<\/span>the <\/span>American--<\/span>is obtained without <\/span>flowers. <\/span>\r\n\r\nThe <\/span>entrance is guarded <\/span>by <\/span>two Doric <\/span>columns <\/span>which <\/span>are <\/span>replicas <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>ones <\/span>a visitor <\/span>sees <\/span>while <\/span>viewing <\/span>the <\/span>Parthenon <\/span>on <\/span>the <\/span>Acropolis <\/span>in <\/span>Athens, <\/span>Greece <\/span>and opens <\/span>on <\/span>a westerly vista <\/span>terminating <\/span>in <\/span>a <\/span>reflecting pool <\/span>and circular <\/span>seats. <\/span>Terraces formed <\/span>of <\/span>square-cut <\/span>sandstone are planted with ilex, <\/span>coloneas\u00ad<\/span>tus, myrtle, <\/span>and <\/span>sweetbay, <\/span>with <\/span>cedars <\/span>and <\/span>Lombardy <\/span>poplars <\/span>to <\/span>give the <\/span>spire-like <\/span>impression <\/span>of <\/span>cypresses. <\/span>Maurice Cornell <\/span>was <\/span>garden <\/span>architect. <\/span>\r\n\r\nThe <\/span>chief <\/span>feature <\/span>of <\/span>this garden <\/span>is a pylon <\/span>symbol\u00ad<\/span>izing <\/span>the <\/span>wall <\/span>of <\/span>the Parthenon, <\/span>dedicated <\/span>to the <\/span>Greek spirit <\/span>in philosophy, <\/span>art, <\/span>literature, and <\/span>science. <\/span>It is inscribed <\/span>with <\/span>the <\/span>names <\/span>of <\/span>Solon, <\/span>Ictinus, Callicrates<\/span>, <\/span>Phidias, Aristophanes, <\/span>Pericles, <\/span>Euripides, <\/span>Sophocles, Aeschylus, <\/span>Homer, <\/span>Praxiteles, <\/span>Zeuxis, <\/span>Apelles, Myron, <\/span>Lysippus, <\/span>Scopas, <\/span>Sappho, <\/span>Socrates, <\/span>Anaxagoras, <\/span>Aristotle, Plato, <\/span>Aristarchus, Demos\u00ad<\/span>thenes, <\/span>Pindar, <\/span>Archimedes, <\/span>Herodotus, Xenophon, <\/span>Thucydides, Euclid, <\/span>Hippocrates, <\/span>Ptolemy, Pytha\u00ad<\/span>goras, <\/span>Polycletus, <\/span>and <\/span>El <\/span>Greco. <\/span>\r\n\r\nThe <\/span>ancient Greek <\/span>architects devoted themselves <\/span>above <\/span>all <\/span>to <\/span>the <\/span>problems <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>column <\/span>and lintel and the creation of beautiful temples: The open-air life which the climate invited, the simplicity of Greek ideals and respect for tradition<\/span>, all for the<\/span> crea\u00adtion of forms of architecture which no later Western people has ever forgotten.<\/span>\r\n\r\nIt <\/span>is <\/span>in <\/span>Greece <\/span>that <\/span>the; <\/span>personality of <\/span>individual\u00a0<\/span>architects<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>first <\/span>became <\/span>clear. <\/span>The\u00a0<\/span>development<\/span> <\/span>of\u00a0<\/span>architecture was<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>in <\/span>extreme refinement, <\/span>unity, beauty, <\/span>symmetry <\/span>and <\/span>in <\/span>musical <\/span>harmony with <\/span>physical laws.<\/span>\r\n\r\nThis <\/span>stately garden, <\/span>with <\/span>its <\/span>serenity <\/span>and <\/span>dignity, <\/span>is <\/span>a fitting <\/span>symbol <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>great <\/span>ideas <\/span>it represents. <\/span>For <\/span>it is <\/span>a sanctuary <\/span>to the <\/span>ancient <\/span>Greek spirit <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>search <\/span>for <\/span>truth <\/span>and the <\/span>supreme conquest <\/span>of <\/span>beauty.<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe <\/span>Greek <\/span>Garden <\/span>was <\/span>officially <\/span>dedicated on <\/span>June <\/span>2, <\/span>1940, <\/span>with <\/span>James <\/span>C. <\/span>Mylonas as program <\/span>chairman. Kimon <\/span>Diamantopoulos, minister <\/span>of <\/span>Greece <\/span>to <\/span>the United <\/span>States <\/span>cut <\/span>a blue <\/span>and <\/span>white <\/span>rib\u00ad<\/span>bon <\/span>stretched <\/span>between <\/span>the <\/span>two Doric <\/span>columns <\/span>at <\/span>the <\/span>entrance, <\/span>thus <\/span>formally opening the garden. <\/span>Arch\u00ad<\/span>bishop <\/span>Athenagoras <\/span>of <\/span>New <\/span>York, head <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>Greek <\/span>Orthodox <\/span>Church <\/span>in <\/span>North <\/span>and South <\/span>America, <\/span>blessed <\/span>the garden <\/span>and <\/span>was <\/span>the central <\/span>figure in <\/span>a <\/span>picturesque <\/span>procession <\/span>later <\/span>in <\/span>the program.<\/span>\r\n\r\nDr. <\/span>Elie <\/span>George, president <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>Greek Cultural <\/span>Garden <\/span>Association <\/span>presented <\/span>the <\/span>garden <\/span>to <\/span>Cleve\u00ad<\/span>land <\/span>with <\/span>the words: <\/span>\"May <\/span>we and our children enjoy it and keep in our hearts the principles of co\u00adoperation which have made this garden possible.\u201d Mayor Harold H. Burton, in accepting the garden on behalf of the city, hailed two outstanding traits in the Greek character: simplicity and a perfect sense of proportion. Principal speaker was Governor Lausche, at that time Common Pleas Judge. \u201cWe must join hands in giving strength and faith to the government of the United States,\u201d he said. \u201cIt is only in the kind of spirit exhibited here today that we can carry on the true ideals of our government. Each race gives something to America. And all of us together will make a greater, better and permanent America.\u201d The choir of the Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation sang Greek and American an\u00adthems. <\/span>\r\n\r\nFunds <\/span>for <\/span>the <\/span>Greek <\/span>Garden <\/span>were initially raised <\/span>in 1938 <\/span>by <\/span>the Hellenic <\/span>clubs <\/span>of <\/span>Cleveland, <\/span>which <\/span>organized <\/span>to <\/span>defray <\/span>the <\/span>cost <\/span>through <\/span>a series <\/span>of <\/span>lec\u00ad<\/span>tures <\/span>and <\/span>other <\/span>events. <\/span>\r\n\r\nOn <\/span>August <\/span>14, <\/span>1949, <\/span>on <\/span>the <\/span>125th anniversary <\/span>of <\/span>the death <\/span>of <\/span>Lord <\/span>Byron, <\/span>an <\/span>evergreen tree <\/span>was <\/span>dedi\u00ad<\/span>cated to <\/span>his <\/span>memory <\/span>in <\/span>the <\/span>Greek <\/span>Cultural Garden <\/span>thus <\/span>adding <\/span>Cleveland <\/span>as <\/span>an abiding place <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>poet\u2019s <\/span>liberty-loving spirit, <\/span>to <\/span>Missolonghi, where his <\/span>heart <\/span>is buried, <\/span>and <\/span>to <\/span>England, where <\/span>are <\/span>enshrined <\/span>his other <\/span>mortal <\/span>remains. <\/span>Major <\/span>Edward J. Hobbs, <\/span>British <\/span>Consul in Cleveland, gave <\/span>the <\/span>chief <\/span>address, <\/span>sketching <\/span>Byron\u2019s <\/span>stormy career, <\/span>and <\/span>paying <\/span>tribute <\/span>to this <\/span>proud, <\/span>sensitive, <\/span>and <\/span>courageous hero. <\/span>The <\/span>evergreen <\/span>was <\/span>dedicated with the <\/span>unfurling <\/span>of <\/span>a <\/span>broad blue <\/span>and <\/span>white ribbon -<\/span>-<\/span>the <\/span>Greek national <\/span>colors -<\/span>-<\/span>from around the <\/span>tree. As <\/span>part <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>cere\u00admony, <\/span>five <\/span>young <\/span>ladies danced <\/span>the <\/span>Kalamatiano, an <\/span>old <\/span>Greek <\/span>folk <\/span>dance. <\/span>Miss <\/span>Mary <\/span>E. <\/span>Hoover, librari\u00ad<\/span>an <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>Cleveland Public Library, Euclid-East 101st\u00a0<\/span>Street <\/span>Branch <\/span>read <\/span>from <\/span>Byron\u2019s <\/span>poem, <\/span>\u201cDon <\/span>Juan,\u201d these lines of haunting beauty: <\/span>\r\n\r\n\u201cThe mountains look on Marathon--<\/span>\r\n\r\nAnd Marathon looks on the sea; <\/span>\r\n\r\nAnd musing there an hour alone, <\/span>\r\n\r\nI dreamed that Greece might still be free; <\/span>\r\n\r\nFor standing on the Persians\u2019 grave, <\/span>\r\n\r\nI could not deem myself a slave.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_184\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"666\"]\"The The Byron Tree Near the Foot of North Entrance Steps[\/caption]\r\n\r\nHonored <\/span>guests included Menelaos Chopis, acting <\/span>Greek Consul <\/span>from <\/span>Chicago, <\/span>Judges Julius <\/span>Kovachy <\/span>and <\/span>Joseph <\/span>Artl, <\/span>Charles J. <\/span>Wolfram, <\/span>then president <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>Cleveland Cultural Gardens Federation, <\/span>and <\/span>representatives <\/span>from the <\/span>Hellenic, British, <\/span>and <\/span>Scot\u00ad<\/span>tish Societies. <\/span>Congratulations were <\/span>offered <\/span>to <\/span>the <\/span>Greek <\/span>community <\/span>of <\/span>Cleveland <\/span>on <\/span>the <\/span>Byron <\/span>me\u00ad<\/span>morial <\/span>by <\/span>Ralph <\/span>S. <\/span>Locher, secretary <\/span>to <\/span>Governor <\/span>Frank J. <\/span>Lausche, <\/span>by <\/span>Emil <\/span>Bartunek, <\/span>secretary <\/span>to <\/span>Mayor Thomas <\/span>A. <\/span>Burke, <\/span>and <\/span>by <\/span>Charles <\/span>J. <\/span>Wol\u00ad<\/span>fram. <\/span>The <\/span>event <\/span>was <\/span>under <\/span>the <\/span>auspices <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>Wom\u00ad<\/span>en\u2019s <\/span>Auxiliary <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>Laconian <\/span>Society, <\/span>and <\/span>George <\/span>N. <\/span>Kalkas, president <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>Laconian <\/span>Society <\/span>was <\/span>master <\/span>of <\/span>ceremonies. <\/span>The <\/span>dedication <\/span>concluded <\/span>with a <\/span>tour <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>Cleveland <\/span>Cultural <\/span>Gardens.<\/span>\r\n\r\nPioneers in Greek <\/span>Garden <\/span>activity <\/span>were Philip <\/span>D. <\/span>Peppas, <\/span>V. <\/span>John Harris, <\/span>Nick Copanos, Gus Pas\u00ad<\/span>salis, George <\/span>N. <\/span>Kalkas, James <\/span>C. <\/span>Mylonas, and <\/span>Dr. <\/span>Elie George, Reverend <\/span>Chrysogomos <\/span>Lavriotis, <\/span>A. <\/span>G. <\/span>Panagotoulos, <\/span>Harry <\/span>Collins, <\/span>Louis <\/span>Pappas, <\/span>Mosky <\/span>Moskos, <\/span>Constantine Vilos, <\/span>Theodore <\/span>Bibicos, <\/span>Mi\u00ad<\/span>chael Johanides, <\/span>Louis <\/span>Pappas, Spiros Stratis, <\/span>and <\/span>An\u00ad<\/span>tonios Chiotes. <\/span>\r\n\r\nPlans <\/span>for <\/span>the <\/span>future <\/span>development <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>Greek <\/span>Cultural Garden <\/span>have included <\/span>the <\/span>portrayal <\/span>of <\/span>re\u00ad<\/span>nowned leaders <\/span>in <\/span>Greek <\/span>thought and culture <\/span>who <\/span>moulded <\/span>the <\/span>course <\/span>of <\/span>civilization. Among <\/span>them:\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nSocrates <\/span>(469-399 <\/span>B. <\/span>C.), <\/span>Greek philosopher, <\/span>who <\/span>devoted <\/span>himself <\/span>to <\/span>the <\/span>education <\/span>of <\/span>youth, believing <\/span>that he <\/span>was <\/span>called to strive, <\/span>by <\/span>means <\/span>of <\/span>his teaching in the Agora, for a revival of moral feeling and the creation of a scientific foundation for truth and moral principles and who held that virtue is cap\u00adable of being taught, that it brings one closest to Divine perfection and that all wickedness stems from ignorance; <\/span>\r\n\r\nPlato <\/span>(427-347 <\/span>B. <\/span>C.), <\/span>disciple <\/span>of <\/span>Socrates, whose <\/span>philosophy <\/span>stresses <\/span>the <\/span>teaching <\/span>that <\/span>reality belongs <\/span>not to <\/span>the <\/span>individual <\/span>thing, <\/span>but to <\/span>the general <\/span>idea; <\/span>that <\/span>individual things <\/span>are fleeting <\/span>copies <\/span>of <\/span>the form <\/span>or idea, <\/span>which <\/span>dwells in the changeless <\/span>unity <\/span>forever, <\/span>and <\/span>is the <\/span>sole purpose <\/span>of <\/span>real knowledge; <\/span>that <\/span>link\u00ad<\/span>ed <\/span>with <\/span>the <\/span>theory <\/span>of <\/span>ideas is <\/span>the <\/span>doctrine <\/span>of <\/span>remini\u00ad<\/span>scence <\/span>or <\/span>recollection, which <\/span>contends <\/span>that the <\/span>soul <\/span>has beheld <\/span>the <\/span>ideas in <\/span>a <\/span>previous stage <\/span>of <\/span>existence;<\/span>\r\n\r\nAristotle <\/span>(384-321 <\/span>B. <\/span>C.), <\/span>famed scientific <\/span>inves\u00ad<\/span>tigator and <\/span>first <\/span>philosophical writer <\/span>to <\/span>make <\/span>a strict <\/span>separation <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>branches <\/span>of <\/span>philosophy, dividing <\/span>them <\/span>into <\/span>logic, metaphysics, <\/span>physics, <\/span>ethics, politics <\/span>and the <\/span>philosophy <\/span>of <\/span>art; <\/span>tutor <\/span>of <\/span>Alexander, <\/span>the <\/span>son <\/span>of <\/span>Philip <\/span>of <\/span>Macedonia <\/span>and the <\/span>future <\/span>world <\/span>conqueror; <\/span>founder <\/span>in <\/span>Athens <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>school <\/span>at <\/span>the <\/span>Lyceum <\/span>where <\/span>he <\/span>taught <\/span>and directed scientific <\/span>ex\u00ad<\/span>periments <\/span>during the <\/span>closing <\/span>years <\/span>of <\/span>his life. <\/span>\r\n\r\nThese <\/span>and <\/span>other <\/span>leaders in <\/span>the <\/span>realm <\/span>of <\/span>philos\u00ad<\/span>ophy <\/span>and <\/span>culture made <\/span>the <\/span>small <\/span>nation <\/span>of <\/span>Greece <\/span>a mighty influence <\/span>in <\/span>the <\/span>shaping <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>course <\/span>of <\/span>civilization. <\/span>The <\/span>thoughts <\/span>of <\/span>her sages, artists <\/span>and <\/span>dreamers moulded <\/span>the thinking <\/span>of <\/span>myriads <\/span>who <\/span>fol\u00ad<\/span>lowed them <\/span>and <\/span>her courageous struggles <\/span>to <\/span>regain <\/span>her liberty were supported <\/span>by <\/span>inspired writers and <\/span>thinkers <\/span>of <\/span>the <\/span>modern age, <\/span>who <\/span>like <\/span>Byron <\/span>believed <\/span>that <\/span>it was <\/span>the <\/span>duty <\/span>of <\/span>lovers <\/span>of <\/span>democracy <\/span>to sup\u00ad<\/span>port her <\/span>cause.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_185\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"763\"]\"View View of the Greek Cultural Garden-- Looking East[\/caption]\r\n\r\nToday, <\/span>the mountains <\/span>of <\/span>Greece still look <\/span>on <\/span>Marathon <\/span>and <\/span>Marathon <\/span>looks <\/span>on a <\/span>sea <\/span>that <\/span>laves <\/span>the shores <\/span>of <\/span>a <\/span>land <\/span>whose people, heirs to a <\/span>mighty <\/span>culture, dwell <\/span>in <\/span>peace <\/span>and <\/span>in <\/span>freedom. <\/span>","rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The Greek Cultural Garden is a sunken garden fol\u00adlowing the lines of a Greek cross. Its simple, classi\u00adcal effect, bridging the gap in spirit between the Periclean age and the modern age it most resembles–the American–is obtained without flowers. <\/p>\n

The entrance is guarded by two Doric columns which are replicas of the ones a visitor sees while viewing the Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece and opens on a westerly vista terminating in a reflecting pool and circular seats. Terraces formed of square-cut sandstone are planted with ilex, coloneas\u00adtus, myrtle, and sweetbay, with cedars and Lombardy poplars to give the spire-like impression of cypresses. Maurice Cornell was garden architect. <\/p>\n

The chief feature of this garden is a pylon symbol\u00adizing the wall of the Parthenon, dedicated to the Greek spirit in philosophy, art, literature, and science. It is inscribed with the names of Solon, Ictinus, Callicrates, Phidias, Aristophanes, Pericles, Euripides, Sophocles, Aeschylus, Homer, Praxiteles, Zeuxis, Apelles, Myron, Lysippus, Scopas, Sappho, Socrates, Anaxagoras, Aristotle, Plato, Aristarchus, Demos\u00adthenes, Pindar, Archimedes, Herodotus, Xenophon, Thucydides, Euclid, Hippocrates, Ptolemy, Pytha\u00adgoras, Polycletus, and El Greco. <\/p>\n

The ancient Greek architects devoted themselves above all to the problems of the column and lintel and the creation of beautiful temples: The open-air life which the climate invited, the simplicity of Greek ideals and respect for tradition, all for the crea\u00adtion of forms of architecture which no later Western people has ever forgotten.<\/p>\n

It is in Greece that the; personality of individual\u00a0architects\u00a0first became clear. The\u00a0development of\u00a0architecture was\u00a0in extreme refinement, unity, beauty, symmetry and in musical harmony with physical laws.<\/p>\n

This stately garden, with its serenity and dignity, is a fitting symbol of the great ideas it represents. For it is a sanctuary to the ancient Greek spirit of the search for truth and the supreme conquest of beauty.<\/p>\n

The Greek Garden was officially dedicated on June 2, 1940, with James C. Mylonas as program chairman. Kimon Diamantopoulos, minister of Greece to the United States cut a blue and white rib\u00adbon stretched between the two Doric columns at the entrance, thus formally opening the garden. Arch\u00adbishop Athenagoras of New York, head of the Greek Orthodox Church in North and South America, blessed the garden and was the central figure in a picturesque procession later in the program.<\/p>\n

Dr. Elie George, president of the Greek Cultural Garden Association presented the garden to Cleve\u00adland with the words: “May we and our children enjoy it and keep in our hearts the principles of co\u00adoperation which have made this garden possible.\u201d Mayor Harold H. Burton, in accepting the garden on behalf of the city, hailed two outstanding traits in the Greek character: simplicity and a perfect sense of proportion. Principal speaker was Governor Lausche, at that time Common Pleas Judge. \u201cWe must join hands in giving strength and faith to the government of the United States,\u201d he said. \u201cIt is only in the kind of spirit exhibited here today that we can carry on the true ideals of our government. Each race gives something to America. And all of us together will make a greater, better and permanent America.\u201d The choir of the Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation sang Greek and American an\u00adthems. <\/p>\n

Funds for the Greek Garden were initially raised in 1938 by the Hellenic clubs of Cleveland, which organized to defray the cost through a series of lec\u00adtures and other events. <\/p>\n

On August 14, 1949, on the 125th anniversary of the death of Lord Byron, an evergreen tree was dedi\u00adcated to his memory in the Greek Cultural Garden thus adding Cleveland as an abiding place of the poet\u2019s liberty-loving spirit, to Missolonghi, where his heart is buried, and to England, where are enshrined his other mortal remains. Major Edward J. Hobbs, British Consul in Cleveland, gave the chief address, sketching Byron\u2019s stormy career, and paying tribute to this proud, sensitive, and courageous hero. The evergreen was dedicated with the unfurling of a broad blue and white ribbon ––the Greek national colors ––from around the tree. As part of the cere\u00admony, five young ladies danced the Kalamatiano, an old Greek folk dance. Miss Mary E. Hoover, librari\u00adan of the Cleveland Public Library, Euclid-East 101st\u00a0Street Branch read from Byron\u2019s poem, \u201cDon Juan,\u201d these lines of haunting beauty: <\/p>\n

\u201cThe mountains look on Marathon–<\/p>\n

And Marathon looks on the sea; <\/p>\n

And musing there an hour alone, <\/p>\n

I dreamed that Greece might still be free; <\/p>\n

For standing on the Persians\u2019 grave, <\/p>\n

I could not deem myself a slave.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"The
The Byron Tree Near the Foot of North Entrance Steps<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Honored guests included Menelaos Chopis, acting Greek Consul from Chicago, Judges Julius Kovachy and Joseph Artl, Charles J. Wolfram, then president of the Cleveland Cultural Gardens Federation, and representatives from the Hellenic, British, and Scot\u00adtish Societies. Congratulations were offered to the Greek community of Cleveland on the Byron me\u00admorial by Ralph S. Locher, secretary to Governor Frank J. Lausche, by Emil Bartunek, secretary to Mayor Thomas A. Burke, and by Charles J. Wol\u00adfram. The event was under the auspices of the Wom\u00aden\u2019s Auxiliary of the Laconian Society, and George N. Kalkas, president of the Laconian Society was master of ceremonies. The dedication concluded with a tour of the Cleveland Cultural Gardens.<\/p>\n

Pioneers in Greek Garden activity were Philip D. Peppas, V. John Harris, Nick Copanos, Gus Pas\u00adsalis, George N. Kalkas, James C. Mylonas, and Dr. Elie George, Reverend Chrysogomos Lavriotis, A. G. Panagotoulos, Harry Collins, Louis Pappas, Mosky Moskos, Constantine Vilos, Theodore Bibicos, Mi\u00adchael Johanides, Louis Pappas, Spiros Stratis, and An\u00adtonios Chiotes. <\/p>\n

Plans for the future development of the Greek Cultural Garden have included the portrayal of re\u00adnowned leaders in Greek thought and culture who moulded the course of civilization. Among them:\u00a0<\/p>\n

Socrates (469-399 B. C.), Greek philosopher, who devoted himself to the education of youth, believing that he was called to strive, by means of his teaching in the Agora, for a revival of moral feeling and the creation of a scientific foundation for truth and moral principles and who held that virtue is cap\u00adable of being taught, that it brings one closest to Divine perfection and that all wickedness stems from ignorance; <\/p>\n

Plato (427-347 B. C.), disciple of Socrates, whose philosophy stresses the teaching that reality belongs not to the individual thing, but to the general idea; that individual things are fleeting copies of the form or idea, which dwells in the changeless unity forever, and is the sole purpose of real knowledge; that link\u00aded with the theory of ideas is the doctrine of remini\u00adscence or recollection, which contends that the soul has beheld the ideas in a previous stage of existence;<\/p>\n

Aristotle (384-321 B. C.), famed scientific inves\u00adtigator and first philosophical writer to make a strict separation of the branches of philosophy, dividing them into logic, metaphysics, physics, ethics, politics and the philosophy of art; tutor of Alexander, the son of Philip of Macedonia and the future world conqueror; founder in Athens of the school at the Lyceum where he taught and directed scientific ex\u00adperiments during the closing years of his life. <\/p>\n

These and other leaders in the realm of philos\u00adophy and culture made the small nation of Greece a mighty influence in the shaping of the course of civilization. The thoughts of her sages, artists and dreamers moulded the thinking of myriads who fol\u00adlowed them and her courageous struggles to regain her liberty were supported by inspired writers and thinkers of the modern age, who like Byron believed that it was the duty of lovers of democracy to sup\u00adport her cause.<\/p>\n

\"View
View of the Greek Cultural Garden– Looking East<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Today, the mountains of Greece still look on Marathon and Marathon looks on a sea that laves the shores of a land whose people, heirs to a mighty culture, dwell in peace and in freedom. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-60","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":48,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":370,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60\/revisions\/370"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/48"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/60\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=60"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=60"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/their-paths-are-peace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=60"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}