{"id":389,"date":"2021-07-27T21:08:14","date_gmt":"2021-07-27T21:08:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/?post_type=chapter&p=389"},"modified":"2021-07-28T17:10:08","modified_gmt":"2021-07-28T17:10:08","slug":"2-9-3-what-are-the-literacy-practices-of-police-officers-prospectus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/chapter\/2-9-3-what-are-the-literacy-practices-of-police-officers-prospectus\/","title":{"rendered":"2.9.3 What are the literacy practices of police officers? (prospectus)"},"content":{"raw":"

April 2021<\/h3>\r\n
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For<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>my final<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>essay I<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>will be<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>continuing<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>topic<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>on<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the literacies police officers are involved in<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>daily.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>In<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>my<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>previous<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>two<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>essay<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>papers, I<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>spoke about<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>police<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>officers'<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>communication skills requirements, the writing and typing standards needed to complete a report<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>properly.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>I also wrote about<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>speaking<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>interacting with victims and suspects. Those topics were<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>from my<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>own experiences<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>as being a police officer.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>In this essay,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>I will be<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>using<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>research<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>articles<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to learn more<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>about different literacy practices.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Literacy<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>practice<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>from a police standpoint is very impactful to the job and how the police are viewed. It is important for the public and the police to have a positive relationship because they both need each other equally.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>With the research questions and the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>information<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>hopefully, it brings a better understanding of how<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>police<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>must<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>operate<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and what they can control and cannot control.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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The<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>first research question I have is<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>how officers communicate<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>effectively<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>using<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>radio.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This topic will discuss the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>many ways<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>police communicate when there is an<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>emergency,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and the situation must be handled appropriately.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>It keeps<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>officer's<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>safe having effective<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>communication<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>skills with the dispatcher and other officers. Officers must<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>provide<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>their location and time of arrival to the dispatcher to<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>always have<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>known location.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Next,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>I will speak on how writing is a necessary and important skill police officers must develop.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Policework<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>involves<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>many ways<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to write<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>has a lot to do with the structure of writing and the proper way to write as a professional in this field.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>I will write about the training the police officers go through so they will be prepared and organized when<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>representing<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the department.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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My next topic<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>will be how<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>do<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>police officers read the body language of an individual?<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Reading body language is normal for everyone but I will discuss how essential it is for a police<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>officer,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>especially when they are<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>encountering<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>criminals daily. I will discuss the way a criminal will act when they are hiding<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>something,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>for example, if they<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>are stuttering and many<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>other<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>nervous antics.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>After body language I will discuss officers responding to victims first and what usually occurs that officers must be prepared for. Victims are a key part<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the crime because they<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>have been violated and must be treated with gentleness and care.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Then<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>I will break down this question further and expand on<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>de-escalation<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and how it can affect the situation for the good or bad.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>De-Escalation techniques have become familiar in law enforcement and a required training tool<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>use which I will connect with Use of Force incidents.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>My fourth question will<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>be<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>how<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>de-escalation<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>tactics can lead to less use of force incidents.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>I will explain first what use of force is and why it is so prevalent to police work and the factors of Use of force.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Also,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>I will explain why it is beneficial to decrease Use of force incidents for the greater good of society.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Use<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>of force incidents<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>has<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>been<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>new thing for the pass 5 years between the police and the public. It was always relevant but now we have phone cameras and bystanders recording events<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>police officers' body camera<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>recordings<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>as well.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Which brings me to the next topic of body cameras.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>I will discuss the importance of police body cameras, why they were created, how they function, where they should be positioned or where most officers position their cameras, the way officers need to use them and the benefits of<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>cameras.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Then I will discuss police encounters with the public that<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>leads<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to a positive situation.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>I will expand on how it brings more safety to the police officers and the public when encounters are positive and understanding.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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Following the interactions with the public, this is<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>where most of my<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>papers<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>will expand. It will speak about the interactions with the public and police and hopefully help bring the gap together of people on the outside of the police and the police that are so far inside of their own bubble or discourse that they<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>cannot<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>see the outside world and what is really happening.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Communication is another huge vocal point to be discussed from the article, words are mightier than the sword which goes into details about how to<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>impact<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>a situation more<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>with your words and kindness and wisdom than physically using force against someone.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>In this part of the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>essay,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>it will touch on not only the way police should speak and handle things but the use of force incidents and how it connects with the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>de-escalation<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>tactics. The training that comes with the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>de-escalation<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>will be introduced in an article that I have found online.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Next, I will speak about the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>emotional affects that officers face daily and how interactions with the public will affected also. If a police officer is mentally having issues and is unhealthy mentally then his work will be<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>affected,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and it could lead to terrible<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>situations<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>happening. As a police officer, they<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>are expected to uphold a positive attitude and professionalism the entire shift and anytime they are communicated with someone but as a human if we are upset about something<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>it's<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>not always easy to mask it. This subject brings the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>next<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>topic,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>which is stress levels police officers go<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>through,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>which brings up depression, anxiety, and highs stress and the causes of this stress. The causes of this stress according to<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the article \u201cPositive and Negative Emotion Prospectively Predict Trajectories of Resilience and Distress Among High-Exposure Police Officers\u201d are long hours on duty without sleep,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>danger, threat to the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>lives of police officers or colleagues. This stress brings officers to dealing with it in unhealthy ways such as drinking, using<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>drugs,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>showing the emotion towards family<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>members.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>After years and years of the same stress from work and being in dangerous situations will weigh on anyone but officers are in a tough position and test results show it. Most officers need<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>intervention<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to help them deal with stress and other<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>trauma.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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The fields<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>that<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>connect<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>with these topics are<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>communication studies,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Criminology, Psychology,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>English education, Criminal Justice departments. These fields all have something to do with police work and the literacy of officers. For example, the psychology field would deal with<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>cognitive approach to how officers think. The Criminal Justice field is the home of all<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>policework<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and where it is the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>origin. It brings the rules and guidelines officers must follow along with other public service<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>fields.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>English Education fields beings the learning of reading and writing to the surface. Without the learning of<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>English, officers would not be able to communicate the proper way which<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>brings<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>me to the last field<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>listed,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>which is communications. Communications is tied to<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>police<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>literacy<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>because officers<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>must<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>communicate daily and with better<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>communication,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>we can be safer and effective out in<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>public.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Communication connects with every topic being discussed in this essay such as<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>de-escalation, speaking to victims, speaking with co-workers, interviewing suspects and more.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>These research questions will be my guide<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>writing<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>my research essay. It will be in a more chronological order showing how each topic affects and lead to the next<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to give a better understanding of police literacy.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Annotated Bibliography<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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Kwon, Gyu H., Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, and Charles W. Bostian. \"Redefining interoperability: Understanding police communication task environments.\"<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Symposium on Human Interface<\/span><\/i><\/span>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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The main point of this article is to explain<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the importance of communicating<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>not only by yourself but in a group setting, especially when unexpected<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>circumstances take<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>place.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>It addresses the 9\/11<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>incident as a refence to the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>importance of using radio communications and the understanding that they need to become better for future scenarios.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This source is related to my essay because I will be addressing the question as to why radio communication is<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>important,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and this article uses many reasons why.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This is a scholarly article.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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\u201cReading People: Behavioral Anomalies and Investigative Interviewing | FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin.\u201d FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2014, leb.fbi.gov\/articles\/featured-articles\/reading-people-behavioral-anomalies-and-investigative-interviewing.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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This article discusses<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the body<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>language of criminals<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>showing<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>indicators,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>particularly during an interview.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Physical<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>appearances can change along with verbal. In this research article they included terms such as validated and invalidated<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>indicators. This topic is related to my article because it addresses the research question \u201chow does officers read the body language of individuals.\u201d This is a tactic law enforcement officer<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>uses<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>daily<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>for safety, to<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>determine<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>if a person is being truthful and many other reasons.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This is a non-scholar<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>article.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This is an academic article.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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\u201cPolice Communication Skills Matter More than Ever: Here\u2019s Why.\u201d University of San Diego, 9 Aug. 2019, onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu\/police-communication-important-today\/.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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This article<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>explains steps to communicate<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>that leads<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to a positive encounter with<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the police. He explains what good police communication<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>is, the 80-20<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>rules<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and other strategies.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>It teaches not only<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the police<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>but the public what officers should be doing if they are interacting with you. It discusses how to communicate with someone that speaks another language and how communication is key to De-Escalation Strategies.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This article will be evidence<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>my research<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>question of<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>how<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>de-escalation<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>tactics will lead to less use of force incidents. This is<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>an<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>academic<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>article.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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Cotugno, Marianne. \u201cWriting Skills: Hiring and Training Police Officers.\u201d Policechiefmagazine.org,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>www.policechiefmagazine.org\/writing-skills\/<\/span><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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This article\u2019s main point was<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to acknowledge<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the importance of writing skills.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>In the article it used surveys and asked Ohio law enforcement officers if they believed learning writing skills would<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>benefit<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>them personally and if having<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>exceptional writing skills correlates to the department being organized and able to carry out the mission of police work. The article mentioned the quality of writing, discussed if officers were continuing to be trained after being hired and other<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>details about writing. This is a<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>magazine article,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and this applies to my essay because I will use this to express the level<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>of writing<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>officers'<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>needs<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>frequency,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>they<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>must<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>use it.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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US Department of Justice. \u201cFirst Response to Victims of Crime.\u201d Https:\/\/Ovc.Ojp.Gov\/, July 2010,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>ovc.ojp.gov\/sites\/g\/files\/xyckuh226\/files\/media\/document\/2010firstresponseguidebook.pdf.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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The main point of this article is to give tips on what officers should do when responding to a victim of crime. For their<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>protection and to make them feel safe. It<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>states<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>what<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>tendencies<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>victims have such<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>expressing their emotions about the incident they just<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>encountered<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and may just need a listener.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This article is relevant to my essay because I will be discussing the communication methods officers use with victims. This is a scholarly article.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Miller, Lindsay, Jessica Toliver, and Police Executive Research Forum. 2014. Implementing a Body-Worn Camera Program: Recommendations and Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/span>The main point of this article was to discuss the benefits of police having body cameras, what the purpose or<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>considerations<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of having<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>them such as when to record, consent to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>record, and the most popular placement of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>body<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cam technology. This article will<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>be beneficial to my<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>essay,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>discovering how body cameras<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>were<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>introduced and the learning required by officers before using the devices.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>It will also discuss the reasons officers needed the camera.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is a scholarly<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>article.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Rosenfeld, Richard, Thaddeus L. Johnson, and Richard Wright. \"Are college-educated police officers different? A study of stops, searches, and arrests.\"<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Criminal Justice Policy Review<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>31.2 (2020): 206-236.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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This article shows data about officers who went to college and the ones that did not and doesn\u2019t show too much information about<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>it,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>being different according to data. The area where it changes is the promotional aspect. The higher<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>a police officer wants to go up the chain is a greater chance they have some college education which is very good because that shows<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>who's<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>training and supervising the lower<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>ranked patrol officers.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is a scholarly<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>article\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Bayley, David H., and Egon Bittner. \"Learning the skills of policing.\"<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Law & Contemp. Probs.<\/span><\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>47 (1984): 35.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Learning the Skills of Policing (duke.edu)<\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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The main point of this article<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>addresses<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>that experience in policing is much more valuable and helps you become more prepared rather than anything else. Listening to others about<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>there<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>opinions of police is not close to being correct because even officers inform us that you will never<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>know what<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>is it<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>like to be in the shoes of a police officer unless you are one.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This is an academic article from google scholar. This will be discussed in my essay as it relates to the learning<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>that comes with being a police officer.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>The body camera\u2019s officers have been wearing is holding them accountable for their actions.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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Zaiser, Benjamin, and Mario S. Staller. \"The Word is Sometimes Mightier Than the Sword: Rethinking Communication Skills to Enhance Officer Safety.\"<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Journal of Law Enforcement<\/span><\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>4.5 (2015).\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Microsoft Word - The word TUESDAY Final.docx (researchgate.net)<\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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This article introduces<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>several points on how communication can be the difference between a good encounter with individuals and a bad encounter. It introduces some training suggestions that have been proven through research to help benefit problems on duty. It<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>specifies on De-Escalation heavy. This article uses the word transactional engagement and<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>how officers may treat civilians in situations. This article is relevant to my paper because in my paper I will discuss the<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>communication<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>literacy of police officers.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This is a scholarly article found on Google Scholar.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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Huff, Jessica, Charles M. Katz, and Vincent J. Webb. \"Understanding police officer resistance to body-worn cameras.\"<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Policing:<\/span><\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/span>An International<\/span><\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/span>Journal<\/span><\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>(2018).\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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This article discusses why<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>body<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>cameras on police officers are important, why they were starting to be used and how the officers and public responded to them. Some officers did not respond well to cameras while many others were for the cameras. According to the article, they used known situations that occurred in the world such as the shooting of Tamir Rice, Michael Brown shooting and many other pivotal events that prompted for accountability. It showed that if<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the police<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>had<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>cameras,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>then those situations would have been viewable and not just one sided by someone's wording.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This is a scholarly article.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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I<\/span><\/span>reland, Matt, John M. Malouff, and Brian Byrne. \"The efficacy of written emotional expression in the reduction of psychological distress in police officers.\"<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>International Journal of Police Science & Management<\/span><\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>9.4 (2007): 303-311.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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In this article is discusses the emotions officers can go through from seeing traumatic events. It also showed how when officers go through interventions<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>with higher stress, anxiety, and depression and once the intervention\/testing is over they will have lower levels of all categories. It just shows that<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>officers'<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>mental health is important and needs to be evaluated with tests and other assessments to keep them healthy. This will be researched more and added to my research to show how it connects the behavior with<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>how officers who are mentally unstable communicate with civilians differently. This is a Scholarly article.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Galatzer-Levy, Isaac R., et al. \"Positive and negative emotion prospectively predict trajectories of resilience and distress among high-exposure police officers.\"<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Emotion<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>13.3 (2013): 545.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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This article describes stats focused on potential traumatic events officers may be subjected<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>to such as<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>the threat<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>of injury or death to them or their family or<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>colleagues.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Also, stressors such as long work hours,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>discrimination,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>and inadequate resources. Some of these issues<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>result<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>in depression, anxiety, alcohol abuse, aggressive<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>behavior, and increased rates of cardiovascular disorders.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This relates to my essay because it will also connect with the behavior of officers. This is an academic article.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

April 2021<\/h3>\n
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For<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>my final<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>essay I<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>will be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>continuing<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>topic<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>on<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the literacies police officers are involved in<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>daily.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>In<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>my<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>previous<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>two<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>essay<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>papers, I<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>spoke about<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>police<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>officers’<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>communication skills requirements, the writing and typing standards needed to complete a report<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>properly.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>I also wrote about<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>speaking<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>interacting with victims and suspects. Those topics were<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>from my<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>own experiences<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>as being a police officer.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>In this essay,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>I will be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>using<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>research<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>articles<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to learn more<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>about different literacy practices.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Literacy<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>practice<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>from a police standpoint is very impactful to the job and how the police are viewed. It is important for the public and the police to have a positive relationship because they both need each other equally.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>With the research questions and the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>information<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>hopefully, it brings a better understanding of how<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>police<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>must<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>operate<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and what they can control and cannot control.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>first research question I have is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>how officers communicate<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>effectively<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>using<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>radio.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This topic will discuss the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>many ways<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>police communicate when there is an<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>emergency,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and the situation must be handled appropriately.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>It keeps<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>officer’s<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>safe having effective<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>communication<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>skills with the dispatcher and other officers. Officers must<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>provide<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>their location and time of arrival to the dispatcher to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>always have<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>known location.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Next,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>I will speak on how writing is a necessary and important skill police officers must develop.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Policework<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>involves<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>many ways<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to write<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>has a lot to do with the structure of writing and the proper way to write as a professional in this field.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>I will write about the training the police officers go through so they will be prepared and organized when<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>representing<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the department.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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My next topic<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>will be how<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>do<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>police officers read the body language of an individual?<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Reading body language is normal for everyone but I will discuss how essential it is for a police<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>officer,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>especially when they are<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>encountering<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>criminals daily. I will discuss the way a criminal will act when they are hiding<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>something,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>for example, if they<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>are stuttering and many<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>other<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>nervous antics.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>After body language I will discuss officers responding to victims first and what usually occurs that officers must be prepared for. Victims are a key part<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the crime because they<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>have been violated and must be treated with gentleness and care.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Then<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>I will break down this question further and expand on<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de-escalation<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and how it can affect the situation for the good or bad.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>De-Escalation techniques have become familiar in law enforcement and a required training tool<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>use which I will connect with Use of Force incidents.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>My fourth question will<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>how<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de-escalation<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>tactics can lead to less use of force incidents.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>I will explain first what use of force is and why it is so prevalent to police work and the factors of Use of force.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Also,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>I will explain why it is beneficial to decrease Use of force incidents for the greater good of society.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Use<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of force incidents<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>has<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>been<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>new thing for the pass 5 years between the police and the public. It was always relevant but now we have phone cameras and bystanders recording events<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>police officers’ body camera<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>recordings<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>as well.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Which brings me to the next topic of body cameras.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>I will discuss the importance of police body cameras, why they were created, how they function, where they should be positioned or where most officers position their cameras, the way officers need to use them and the benefits of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cameras.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Then I will discuss police encounters with the public that<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>leads<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to a positive situation.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>I will expand on how it brings more safety to the police officers and the public when encounters are positive and understanding.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Following the interactions with the public, this is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>where most of my<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>papers<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>will expand. It will speak about the interactions with the public and police and hopefully help bring the gap together of people on the outside of the police and the police that are so far inside of their own bubble or discourse that they<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cannot<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>see the outside world and what is really happening.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Communication is another huge vocal point to be discussed from the article, words are mightier than the sword which goes into details about how to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>impact<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>a situation more<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>with your words and kindness and wisdom than physically using force against someone.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>In this part of the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>essay,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>it will touch on not only the way police should speak and handle things but the use of force incidents and how it connects with the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de-escalation<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>tactics. The training that comes with the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de-escalation<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>will be introduced in an article that I have found online.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Next, I will speak about the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>emotional affects that officers face daily and how interactions with the public will affected also. If a police officer is mentally having issues and is unhealthy mentally then his work will be<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>affected,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and it could lead to terrible<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>situations<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>happening. As a police officer, they<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>are expected to uphold a positive attitude and professionalism the entire shift and anytime they are communicated with someone but as a human if we are upset about something<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>it’s<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>not always easy to mask it. This subject brings the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>next<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>topic,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>which is stress levels police officers go<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>through,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>which brings up depression, anxiety, and highs stress and the causes of this stress. The causes of this stress according to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the article \u201cPositive and Negative Emotion Prospectively Predict Trajectories of Resilience and Distress Among High-Exposure Police Officers\u201d are long hours on duty without sleep,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>danger, threat to the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>lives of police officers or colleagues. This stress brings officers to dealing with it in unhealthy ways such as drinking, using<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>drugs,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>showing the emotion towards family<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>members.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>After years and years of the same stress from work and being in dangerous situations will weigh on anyone but officers are in a tough position and test results show it. Most officers need<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>intervention<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to help them deal with stress and other<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>trauma.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The fields<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>that<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>connect<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>with these topics are<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>communication studies,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Criminology, Psychology,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>English education, Criminal Justice departments. These fields all have something to do with police work and the literacy of officers. For example, the psychology field would deal with<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cognitive approach to how officers think. The Criminal Justice field is the home of all<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>policework<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and where it is the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>origin. It brings the rules and guidelines officers must follow along with other public service<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>fields.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>English Education fields beings the learning of reading and writing to the surface. Without the learning of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>English, officers would not be able to communicate the proper way which<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>brings<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>me to the last field<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>listed,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>which is communications. Communications is tied to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>police<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>literacy<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>because officers<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>must<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>communicate daily and with better<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>communication,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>we can be safer and effective out in<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>public.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Communication connects with every topic being discussed in this essay such as<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de-escalation, speaking to victims, speaking with co-workers, interviewing suspects and more.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>These research questions will be my guide<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>writing<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>my research essay. It will be in a more chronological order showing how each topic affects and lead to the next<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to give a better understanding of police literacy.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Annotated Bibliography<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Kwon, Gyu H., Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, and Charles W. Bostian. “Redefining interoperability: Understanding police communication task environments.”<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Symposium on Human Interface<\/i><\/span>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The main point of this article is to explain<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the importance of communicating<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>not only by yourself but in a group setting, especially when unexpected<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>circumstances take<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>place.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>It addresses the 9\/11<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>incident as a refence to the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>importance of using radio communications and the understanding that they need to become better for future scenarios.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This source is related to my essay because I will be addressing the question as to why radio communication is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>important,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and this article uses many reasons why.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is a scholarly article.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201cReading People: Behavioral Anomalies and Investigative Interviewing | FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin.\u201d FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2014, leb.fbi.gov\/articles\/featured-articles\/reading-people-behavioral-anomalies-and-investigative-interviewing.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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This article discusses<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the body<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>language of criminals<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>showing<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>indicators,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>particularly during an interview.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Physical<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>appearances can change along with verbal. In this research article they included terms such as validated and invalidated<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>indicators. This topic is related to my article because it addresses the research question \u201chow does officers read the body language of individuals.\u201d This is a tactic law enforcement officer<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>uses<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>daily<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>for safety, to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>determine<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>if a person is being truthful and many other reasons.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is a non-scholar<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>article.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is an academic article.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201cPolice Communication Skills Matter More than Ever: Here\u2019s Why.\u201d University of San Diego, 9 Aug. 2019, onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu\/police-communication-important-today\/.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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This article<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>explains steps to communicate<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>that leads<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to a positive encounter with<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the police. He explains what good police communication<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>is, the 80-20<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>rules<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and other strategies.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>It teaches not only<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the police<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>but the public what officers should be doing if they are interacting with you. It discusses how to communicate with someone that speaks another language and how communication is key to De-Escalation Strategies.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This article will be evidence<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>my research<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>question of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>how<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de-escalation<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>tactics will lead to less use of force incidents. This is<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>an<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>academic<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>article.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Cotugno, Marianne. \u201cWriting Skills: Hiring and Training Police Officers.\u201d Policechiefmagazine.org,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>www.policechiefmagazine.org\/writing-skills\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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This article\u2019s main point was<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to acknowledge<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the importance of writing skills.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>In the article it used surveys and asked Ohio law enforcement officers if they believed learning writing skills would<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>benefit<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>them personally and if having<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>exceptional writing skills correlates to the department being organized and able to carry out the mission of police work. The article mentioned the quality of writing, discussed if officers were continuing to be trained after being hired and other<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>details about writing. This is a<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>magazine article,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and this applies to my essay because I will use this to express the level<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of writing<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>officers’<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>needs<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>frequency,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>they<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>must<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>use it.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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US Department of Justice. \u201cFirst Response to Victims of Crime.\u201d Https:\/\/Ovc.Ojp.Gov\/, July 2010,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>ovc.ojp.gov\/sites\/g\/files\/xyckuh226\/files\/media\/document\/2010firstresponseguidebook.pdf.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The main point of this article is to give tips on what officers should do when responding to a victim of crime. For their<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>protection and to make them feel safe. It<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>states<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>what<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>tendencies<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>victims have such<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>expressing their emotions about the incident they just<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>encountered<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and may just need a listener.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This article is relevant to my essay because I will be discussing the communication methods officers use with victims. This is a scholarly article.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/span>Miller, Lindsay, Jessica Toliver, and Police Executive Research Forum. 2014. Implementing a Body-Worn Camera Program: Recommendations and Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/span>The main point of this article was to discuss the benefits of police having body cameras, what the purpose or<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>considerations<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of having<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>them such as when to record, consent to<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>record, and the most popular placement of<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>body<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cam technology. This article will<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>be beneficial to my<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>essay,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>discovering how body cameras<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>were<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>introduced and the learning required by officers before using the devices.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>It will also discuss the reasons officers needed the camera.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is a scholarly<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>article.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/span>Rosenfeld, Richard, Thaddeus L. Johnson, and Richard Wright. “Are college-educated police officers different? A study of stops, searches, and arrests.”<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Criminal Justice Policy Review<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>31.2 (2020): 206-236.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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This article shows data about officers who went to college and the ones that did not and doesn\u2019t show too much information about<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>it,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>being different according to data. The area where it changes is the promotional aspect. The higher<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>a police officer wants to go up the chain is a greater chance they have some college education which is very good because that shows<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>who’s<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>training and supervising the lower<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>ranked patrol officers.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is a scholarly<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>article\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/span>Bayley, David H., and Egon Bittner. “Learning the skills of policing.”<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Law & Contemp. Probs.<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>47 (1984): 35.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Learning the Skills of Policing (duke.edu)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The main point of this article<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>addresses<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>that experience in policing is much more valuable and helps you become more prepared rather than anything else. Listening to others about<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>there<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>opinions of police is not close to being correct because even officers inform us that you will never<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>know what<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>is it<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>like to be in the shoes of a police officer unless you are one.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is an academic article from google scholar. This will be discussed in my essay as it relates to the learning<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>that comes with being a police officer.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>The body camera\u2019s officers have been wearing is holding them accountable for their actions.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Zaiser, Benjamin, and Mario S. Staller. “The Word is Sometimes Mightier Than the Sword: Rethinking Communication Skills to Enhance Officer Safety.”<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Journal of Law Enforcement<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>4.5 (2015).\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Microsoft Word – The word TUESDAY Final.docx (researchgate.net)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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This article introduces<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>several points on how communication can be the difference between a good encounter with individuals and a bad encounter. It introduces some training suggestions that have been proven through research to help benefit problems on duty. It<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>specifies on De-Escalation heavy. This article uses the word transactional engagement and<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>how officers may treat civilians in situations. This article is relevant to my paper because in my paper I will discuss the<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>communication<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>literacy of police officers.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is a scholarly article found on Google Scholar.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Huff, Jessica, Charles M. Katz, and Vincent J. Webb. “Understanding police officer resistance to body-worn cameras.”<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Policing:<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span>An International<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/span>Journal<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>(2018).\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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This article discusses why<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>body<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cameras on police officers are important, why they were starting to be used and how the officers and public responded to them. Some officers did not respond well to cameras while many others were for the cameras. According to the article, they used known situations that occurred in the world such as the shooting of Tamir Rice, Michael Brown shooting and many other pivotal events that prompted for accountability. It showed that if<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the police<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>had<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>cameras,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>then those situations would have been viewable and not just one sided by someone’s wording.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This is a scholarly article.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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I<\/span>reland, Matt, John M. Malouff, and Brian Byrne. “The efficacy of written emotional expression in the reduction of psychological distress in police officers.”<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>International Journal of Police Science & Management<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>9.4 (2007): 303-311.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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In this article is discusses the emotions officers can go through from seeing traumatic events. It also showed how when officers go through interventions<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>with higher stress, anxiety, and depression and once the intervention\/testing is over they will have lower levels of all categories. It just shows that<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>officers’<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>mental health is important and needs to be evaluated with tests and other assessments to keep them healthy. This will be researched more and added to my research to show how it connects the behavior with<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>how officers who are mentally unstable communicate with civilians differently. This is a Scholarly article.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/span>Galatzer-Levy, Isaac R., et al. “Positive and negative emotion prospectively predict trajectories of resilience and distress among high-exposure police officers.”<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Emotion<\/i><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>13.3 (2013): 545.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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This article describes stats focused on potential traumatic events officers may be subjected<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>to such as<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>the threat<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>of injury or death to them or their family or<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>colleagues.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Also, stressors such as long work hours,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>discrimination,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>and inadequate resources. Some of these issues<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>result<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>in depression, anxiety, alcohol abuse, aggressive<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>behavior, and increased rates of cardiovascular disorders.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>This relates to my essay because it will also connect with the behavior of officers. This is an academic article.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":253,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["anonenglish102"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[68],"license":[],"class_list":["post-389","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-anonenglish102"],"part":36,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/253"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":390,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/389\/revisions\/390"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/36"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/389\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=389"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=389"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=389"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}