Works Cited<\/p>\r\nZaiser, Benjamin, and Mario S. Staller. \"The Word is Sometimes Mightier Than the Sword: Rethinking Communication Skills to Enhance Officer Safety.\"\u00a0Journal of Law Enforcement<\/em>\u00a04.5 (2015).\u00a0\u00a0Microsoft Word - The word TUESDAY Final.docx (researchgate.net)<\/a>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nKwon, Gyu H., Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, and Charles W. Bostian. \"Redefining interoperability: Understanding police communication task environments.\"\u00a0Symposium on Human Interface<\/em>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u201cPolice Communication Skills Matter More than Ever: Here\u2019s Why.\u201d University of San Diego, 9 Aug. 2019, onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu\/police-communication-important-today\/.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nOliva, Janet R., Rhiannon Morgan, and Michael T. Compton. \"A practical overview of\u00a0de-escalation\u00a0skills in law enforcement: Helping individuals in crisis while reducing police liability and injury.\"\u00a0Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations<\/em>\u00a010.1-2 (2010): 15-29.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nKwon, Gyu H., Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, and Charles W. Bostian. \"Redefining interoperability: Understanding police communication task environments.\"\u00a0Symposium on Human Interface<\/em>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nRosenfeld, Richard, Thaddeus L. Johnson, and Richard Wright. \"Are college-educated police officers different? A study of stops, searches, and arrests.\"\u00a0Criminal Justice Policy Review<\/em>\u00a031.2 (2020): 206-236.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nUS Department of Justice. \u201cFirst Response to Victims of Crime.\u201d\u00a0Https:\/\/Ovc.Ojp.Gov\/<\/a>, July 2010, ovc.ojp.gov\/sites\/g\/files\/xyckuh226\/files\/media\/document\/2010firstresponseguidebook.pdf.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMiller, Lindsay, Jessica Toliver, and\u00a0Police\u00a0Executive Research Forum. 2014. Implementing a Body-Worn Camera Program: Recommendations and Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nBayley, David H., and Egon Bittner. \"Learning the skills of policing.\"\u00a0Law & Contemp. Probs.<\/em>\u00a047 (1984): 35.\u00a0Learning the Skills of Policing (duke.edu)<\/a>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nGalatzer-Levy, Isaac R., et al. \"Positive and negative emotion prospectively predict trajectories of resilience and distress among high-exposure police officers.\"\u00a0Emotion<\/em>\u00a013.3 (2013): 545.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nGee, James Paul. \"What is literacy.\"\u00a0Negotiating academic\u00a0literacies: Teaching and learning across languages and cultures<\/em>\u00a0(1998): 51-59.\u00a0What-is-Literacy-2.pdf (uaf.edu)<\/a>","rendered":" In the last 20 years, it seems as though Law Enforcement Officers\u00a0have turned\u00a0from heroes to villains\u00a0overnight.\u00a0It may have been because of social media, or the news channels\u00a0but Officers should be held accountable for every interaction they have with someone.\u00a0I believe learning more about\u00a0literacy\u00a0and the experiences officers go through will allow people to understand\u00a0police\u00a0officers’\u00a0responsibilities.\u00a0For police officers, there are many things to learn when it comes to the job and most of the\u00a0knowledge\u00a0officers\u00a0receive\u00a0comes\u00a0from\u00a0actual experience of being on the street and interacting with the public.\u00a0The quote \u201cExperience is the best\u00a0teacher\u201d is a perfect example of officers learning.\u00a0Officers\u00a0are required to\u00a0learn a small\u00a0portion\u00a0of laws and legal terms to enforce them on the streets in\u00a0a brief\u00a0period.\u00a0The point of this essay is not to address how I feel about\u00a0police officers\u00a0and to defend them. I will\u00a0state\u00a0my experience and some facts from academic articles I found.\u00a0I will\u00a0provide\u00a0details to support research questions and how it pertains to literacy\u00a0of Police officers. Communication, Reading, writing,\u00a0interpretation,\u00a0and other factors that people outside of the police\u00a0would not\u00a0know.\u00a0Learning how\u00a0police officers\u00a0think\u00a0and the\u00a0requirements\u00a0of\u00a0the police\u00a0department\u00a0is\u00a0where\u00a0I will be\u00a0pointing out\u00a0my focus. I\u00a0do not\u00a0have as much experience as a\u00a010-year\u00a0veteran\u00a0officer,\u00a0but I believe in a busy city with\u00a0crime\u00a0every day, 1 year feels like 5 years with everything you\u00a0see. There is a lot of training that an officer must go through in the academy before officially graduating and it seems\u00a0reasonable and easy but to implement those emotions and\u00a0objectives\u00a0in the real world\u00a0is not\u00a0easy. Watching someone suffer from an injury or informing someone that something tragically happened to their loved one and\u00a0arrested\u00a0someone is not easy at all.\u00a0It makes you feel more like a social worker, doctor, therapist, and a police officer all in\u00a0one.<\/p>\n How to communicate within the department and outside with citizens is the most important skill an officer can\u00a0utilize\u00a0because\u00a0effective communication\u00a0skills\u00a0bring\u00a0easier encounters and helps with whatever the issue\u00a0arises. Many\u00a0people,\u00a0including my own\u00a0friends,\u00a0ask questions such as why\u00a0officers handle conflicts so violently. Well according to the article\u00a0\u201cThe\u00a0word is sometimes mightier than the sword\u201d by Mario S Staller,\u00a0Encounters become physical and aggressive\u00a0between officers and the citizens when there is not proper communication.\u00a0The example used in the article was about domestic violence, which is a huge safety risk for officers.\u00a0Communication skills training allows officers to\u00a0take\u00a0their risks significantly\u00a0less. Also listening to\u00a0both\u00a0parties (Victims\/Suspects)\u00a0allows\u00a0for a more controlled\u00a0environment\u00a0(3-4).\u00a0From\u00a0my own\u00a0individual experiences\u00a0of being a police officer, allowing victims and suspects to tell their side of the story is somewhat of a\u00a0therapeutical\u00a0moment.\u00a0Most individuals just want their side of the story heard and then it will allow them to calm down and be more\u00a0rational.\u00a0Even if we take this context out of police\u00a0work, speaking kindly to someone is always the best way to improve a terrible situation. Kind words have never made a situation worse. The way someone speaks to you affects you as a human being. Words of encouragement and kindness\u00a0are\u00a0ways\u00a0to\u00a0someone’s\u00a0heart. As a police officer, in\u00a0the police academy, what you say, how you say it and why you say\u00a0something is always important and can sway\u00a0a person in\u00a0your favor.\u00a0Words are such a deal breaker it even shows when someone must be arrested\u00a0and taken to jail. I personally have arrested someone and because we were so kind and gentle to that person, he\u00a0did not\u00a0put up a fight or give us\u00a0a challenging time, he allowed us to handcuff him and take him to jail.\u00a0Ive\u00a0also seen where if\u00a0you treat someone aggressive how hard it could be to take that person anywhere. A person that feels disrespected or belittled will fight tooth and nail to not go with you just to show you he or she deserves respect.<\/p>\n This\u00a0opens\u00a0the next argument about De-escalation tactics the public has concerning why Law enforcement officers must act and\u00a0could not\u00a0have reasoned with a person even when a person has a weapon. There are times where officers could have made a better effort to subdue the situation before acting in an aggressive manner.\u00a0According to the article\u00a0\u201cA Practical Overview of De-Escalation Skills in Law Enforcement: Helping Individuals in Crisis While Reducing Police Liability and\u00a0Injury\u201d\u00a0by Janet R Olivia & Rhiannon Mogan Many\u00a0times when police get a call of a crisis and for help, most of the time it is\u00a0someone with a mental disability. Many\u00a0times,\u00a0we must act as\u00a0counselors\u00a0and\u00a0therapists\u00a0in those situations, those situations can become dangerous at any moment.\u00a0From personal experience,\u00a0an\u00a0individual with a mental disability can snap even after showing calmness the entire time we are there. When they\u00a0feel\u00a0threatened,\u00a0they will attack or hide or feel the need to defend themselves. Officers are\u00a0trained\u00a0truly little\u00a0on\u00a0how to handle certain\u00a0issues,\u00a0but we are not professionals when it comes to\u00a0crisis intervention training for any\u00a0individual\u00a0with a disability.\u00a0The officer’s\u00a0job is to\u00a0attempt\u00a0to\u00a0get the chaotic situation under control\u00a0(16).<\/p>\n The\u00a0definition of\u00a0De-escalation is\u00a0to calm, resolve a situation that is heightened with\u00a0other alternatives other than physical violence\u00a0(18).\u00a0De-escalation has become an important word used in the police academy and in the police department overall. We now have training on De-escalation tactics and live scenarios we play out to find specific ways to make\u00a0an appropriate decision. Sometimes officers are left with no\u00a0option\u00a0to stop someone from being aggressive but for the times we do which is more\u00a0than not, we should be prepared which is why we have programs set in place.\u00a0There are several\u00a0De-escalation methods\u00a0that are effective and will lead to less harm for the\u00a0individual the police\u00a0have\u00a0to detain. The first is talking\u00a0or,\u00a0as the article states \u201cVerbalizing\u201d,\u00a0another\u00a0has\u00a0multiple officers on scene\u00a0(18-19). This is a technique learned in the academy for officer safety.\u00a0The more officers\u00a0present\u00a0will make it easier to diffuse a situation. Those two are\u00a0methods can be used\u00a0without\u00a0physically\u00a0touching\u00a0an individual.\u00a0It allows the officers to deter the potential threat that someone or many people could cause. This is one\u00a0reason\u00a0you would never see one officer on a scene that could potentially seem dangerous. The general policy for police officers at my job is that if the call\u00a0is\u00a0a code\u00a01,2 or 3\u00a0with 1 being the most serious,\u00a0then\u00a0two or more officers, also known as\u00a0a\u00a0two-man\u00a0car\u00a0will be dispatched to that\u00a0emergency call\u00a0for safety reasons.\u00a0The other\u00a03 methods\u00a0to\u00a0de-escalate\u00a0do not\u00a0appear to be a\u00a0de-escalation\u00a0factor but it may have to be done such as hand control which is using your hands to\u00a0gain\u00a0control. It can be\u00a0grabbing the arm, wrist and\u00a0manipulate\u00a0the joints\u00a0(19). The next method is using a less lethal method which would consist of a Taser,\u00a0pepper spray, which the article\u00a0labels it\u00a0as a\u00a0chemical method. We are also given a Baton which may be seen as\u00a0very dangerous\u00a0but is less than a firearm.\u00a0The methods above are\u00a0especially important\u00a0methods officers should keep useful instead of the gun that is on our\u00a0hip\u00a0which should\u00a0be the last line of defense.\u00a0The body camera\u2019s officers have been wearing is holding them accountable for their actions. It will record audio and\u00a0videos\u00a0of the entire situation.\u00a0In the article \u201cImplementing a Body-Worn Camera Program: Recommendations and Lessons Learned by\u00a0Miller, Lindsay, Jessica Toliver,\u00a0discussed accountability and statistics that lead to a reduction when body\u00a0cameras\u00a0were implemented. The body\u00a0cameras\u00a0after being\u00a0implemented\u00a0lead to a 60 percent reduction rate use of forces by officers and other shifts experienced double the amount of use of forces (Miller 5). The cameras are used to help\u00a0always hold officers and citizens\u00a0are accountable.\u00a0Cameras\u00a0can result in less complaint from citizens and encourage officers to be professional when recorded\u00a0(Miller 5).\u00a0Many times, when someone\u00a0knows\u00a0they are being recorded, they may come into the district and make the complaint but when they understand the situation was\u00a0recorded,\u00a0they\u00a0tend to let the complaint go\u00a0(Miller 6). There were also incidents that showed an officers camera\u00a0malfunctioning,\u00a0and the camera was\u00a0tested,\u00a0and it was discovered that the officer was\u00a0deliberately turning the camera off when he arrested someone or in the middle of him interacting with a person and he left\u00a0the job when he was caught (Miller 8)<\/p>\n The Police department I work\u00a0for was given body\u00a0cameras\u00a0in 2015 to\u00a0help\u00a0the accountability of officers and to show what we previously\u00a0couldn\u2019t\u00a0see.\u00a0There\u00a0isn’t\u00a0any way\u00a0to turn off the camera or stop the recording without using the power switch and\u00a0it’s\u00a0not an easy switch to turn off so if that occurs during an altercation, the department will bring you up\u00a0on charges. That also goes for covering the camera not allowing the video to be shown, if it is\u00a0speculated\u00a0that an officer covered his camera up then he will be suspended.\u00a0Cameras\u00a0are needed and have been needed for the past 20 years. From the crazy stories I hear around the district about how it used to be without the cameras shows me that the police in the past used to take advantage of a lot of situations. This new age of\u00a0policing is allowing officers who are using the job for personal gain and neglecting their duties to be held accountable\u00a0whereas\u00a0before the cameras, officers were\u00a0doing anything without\u00a0documentation. Body cameras are not only to hold\u00a0a person accountable,\u00a0but there is also\u00a0great benefit to having documentation of a situation. When officers\u00a0began\u00a0to create a report and they need details about every word the suspect or the victim states, the body camera footage is accessible. For me personally, it has helped a lot of officers make police reports\u00a0more efficiently\u00a0instead of\u00a0trying\u00a0to\u00a0gather information based on what someone said, we can\u00a0replay\u00a0the body camera footage\u00a0to\u00a0determine\u00a0exactly\u00a0what\u00a0the context of the situation.\u00a0Imagine if we had no video footage\u00a0of any police interactions. We would all be blind to the terrible things we have been\u00a0observing\u00a0over\u00a0the\u00a0last\u00a05 years. Body cameras are\u00a0the\u00a0best thing that could have ever happened\u00a0to\u00a0the police and the\u00a0communities.<\/p>\n Stress is also a\u00a0substantial\u00a0component\u00a0in the world of a police officer because with\u00a0a\u00a0unhealthy mindset how can you help someone\u00a0else?\u00a0In the article \u201cPositive and Negative Emotion Prospectively Predict Trajectories of Resilience and Distress Among High-Exposure Police Officers\u201d by Isaac R.\u00a0Galatzer-Levy, Adam D. Brown,\u00a0Clare Henn-Haase. Healthy outcomes are related to positive feelings from an officer (3).\u00a0Happy emotions have been\u00a0shown\u00a0to have a healthy aid in making\u00a0better decisions and helping a\u00a0situation\u00a0(3). Research showed that years after the academy shows officers did have increased PTSD symptoms\u00a0(8).\u00a0There\u00a0were classes used to help officers come back to a level of calmness but years later the stress of life-threatening events made the level of stress rise\u00a0again (8). While working as a police officer for the last 3 years, I have seen all types of stressful situations and how it affected me and other co-workers.\u00a0In my time working, I have heard of a female officer committing suicide after she saw a child\u00a0be run over by a vehicle she was pursuing.\u00a0That officer\u00a0may have been too stressful to\u00a0handle\u00a0and we never weigh in the stress in our personal life.\u00a0It is surreal to hear those stories because I\u00a0did not\u00a0expect to hear these stories and meet people who later will never\u00a0see\u00a0again.\u00a0The officer was only on the job for about 3-4 years as well so to see how much time she had of experience is scary to me. Going to work with a clear mind is the best thing an officer can do because\u00a0being stressed about home life can harm your life at work. Every moment is important so that we can make a good decision.<\/p>\n The public has the power to show positive and negative\u00a0effects\u00a0of the police and it is necessary for sure.\u00a0We have good\u00a0officers,\u00a0and we have bad officers the same way\u00a0we have good and bad parents\u00a0or good people and bad people in this world. We are all capable of\u00a0doing evil things as we have seen with the murder of George Floyd and many other victims of police brutality. I go to work\u00a0every day\u00a0hoping to help someone with their problems because most of the time when\u00a0police\u00a0are called, there is a\u00a0problem,\u00a0and that person could\u00a0be experiencing the worst day of their\u00a0life.\u00a0One person\u2019s actions\u00a0do\u00a0not speak or represent\u00a0all people. We\u00a0cannot\u00a0allow the stigma to harm us in the future. I went to an\u00a0incident that\u00a0recently\u00a0involved me\u00a0helping\u00a0a child who may have been shot and the parents were being so uncooperative and despising of the\u00a0police,\u00a0but we were there to\u00a0attempt\u00a0to help a child who may have been harmed. It really frustrated me\u00a0because I would have loved to help but they\u00a0did not\u00a0want any service from us because of the recent actions of police officers in other cities and that was incredibly sad to me.\u00a0I\u00a0could not\u00a0be too offended because we are supposed to be held to a higher standard and when\u00a0it is\u00a0not being shown we\u00a0must\u00a0earn that respect back and the only way it will happen is more positive actions by one officer and it can start with me.\u00a0I appreciate the job I\u00a0have,\u00a0and I never ever pictured myself becoming\u00a0a police officer or\u00a0aspiring to become a police officer\u00a0until\u00a0about\u00a03 years ago.\u00a0These experiences\u00a0are great to be able to share with my family\u00a0and kids I will have one day.\u00a0Every moment as a police officer is incredible and shocking at the same time. Having a strong mental is key to having a healthy career because without it there is danger\u00a0to your future and your\u00a0family’s\u00a0future.<\/p>\n Next source is\u00a0about\u00a0the victims of crimes. \u201cFirst response to victims of\u00a0crime\u201d by\u00a0US\u00a0Department of Justice\u00a0enlightens officers on how they should approach victims of crime. We are supposed to\u00a0reassure the victims that they are\u00a0well cared for\u00a0and safe and that we have their best interest at heart\u00a0(2).\u00a0Properly introduce us to our responsibilities at that moment.\u00a0Be respectful\u00a0to\u00a0their\u00a0privacy and\u00a0accommodate their needs as much as\u00a0possible (3).\u00a0Depending on the victim, we should have a specific setting. For kids we should place them in an area that will not make them uncomfortable\u00a0or unsafe (10-11). Every\u00a0age will\u00a0decide\u00a0what setting the child should be placed in.\u00a0For some children, at certain\u00a0ages it\u00a0is not recommended for the kid to be with the parent because they will not\u00a0open\u00a0because they\u00a0do not\u00a0want to make their\u00a0parents\u00a0angry\u00a0(11).\u00a0When approaching a Victim of crime, it is always necessary to be kind and gentle. We want to help as much as\u00a0we can. That only happens when we understand how to do it properly. Ask the proper questions,\u00a0like\u00a0them appropriately, be mindful of their feelings. Be honest with them about the next steps to take. Most people will not be upset when you tell them the truth about what is going to happen next. We are all humans’ beings\u00a0with feelings and the same worries, and we will worry unless we\u00a0know what will happen to our situation.\u00a0Speaking to a person that\u00a0has\u00a0vision\u00a0impairment.\u00a0When speaking to someone who is visually impaired, make sure\u00a0to\u00a0announce\u00a0who you are,\u00a0for example \u201cHello I\u2019m Officer Brown with the [city’s name] Police\u201d then state\u00a0what\u00a0your purpose of being there\u00a0is\u00a0and\u00a0the environment of the place they are in\u00a0(29).\u00a0Basically, inform the visionally impaired victim when changes to the environment change and if someone walks in or out\u00a0of the room. It gives\u00a0courtesy\u00a0to the victims and allows them to be comfortable with the environment.<\/p>\n In the Article\u00a0\u201cWhat is literacy\u201d\u00a0by James Paul Gee\u00a0labels our jobs and schools as a secondary Discourse. Before addressing a secondary discourse, A discourse according to Gee is\u00a0being\u00a0a part\u00a0of a group that is accepted by others who are like you\u00a0(1). In other words, there is a\u00a0clique.\u00a0Secondary discourse is the things we learn in the discourse such as a language\u00a0(5-6). As a police officer we are taught certain ways to speak and things to say. It can be Code words, our uniform makes us\u00a0discourse,\u00a0and\u00a0plenty of\u00a0other things.\u00a0Stating words like Copy, the Phonetic alphabet: A- Adam, B-Barney, C-Charlie, D-David, E-Edward, F-Frank, G-George, H-Henry, I-Ida, J-John,\u00a0K-King, L-Lincoln, M-Mike, N-Nick, O-Ocean,\u00a0P-Paul, Q-Queen, R-Robert, S-Sam, T-Tom, U-Union, V-Victor,\u00a0W-Walter, X- X-Ray, Y-Yesterday, Z-Zebra. That alphabet is specifically for us to use on the radio when we are communicating with our dispatcher.\u00a0If a person that never worked for a law enforcement agency spoke on the radio, you could tell instantly.\u00a0It is\u00a0just\u00a0proper to use certain terms when speaking over the\u00a0radio and\u00a0there is on the job training\u00a0required\u00a0so officers become\u00a0comfortable\u00a0with speaking over the radio.\u00a0We all belong to some group whether we agree or not. It may be small or big and have a major impact or minimum\u00a0impact,\u00a0but it\u00a0is important to that person.<\/p>\n In conclusion,\u00a0the job of a police officer is much more than what meets the eye. There are many different dynamics that police officers\u00a0are not known for. Most things will never be known to someone outside of the department because sometimes it takes being in\u00a0the\u00a0position to understand the whole role. This is to just inform others about the learning\u00a0and discipline officers are\u00a0attempting\u00a0to\u00a0achieve it. Officers\u00a0should be held to a higher standard for sure because with great power comes great responsibility. Being mentally healthy is\u00a0a\u00a0must\u00a0for officers and many\u00a0fall\u00a0short of that goal due to being a human and having a life outside of work.\u00a0Being a police officer from my experience is sometimes a weird situation because you can be the most accepted person by the community and have a great attitude and help as\u00a0many\u00a0people as possible\u00a0and the moment\u00a0a\u00a0officer in another state does an evil action all officers are responsible and frowned upon. Even though\u00a0it’s\u00a0irrational, the best thing to do is not be victimized by it but continue to\u00a0be the best and helpful person you can be. We should always continue to do good regardless of how we are viewed because that will\u00a0kept\u00a0a person true to themselves.<\/p>\n Works Cited<\/p>\n Zaiser, Benjamin, and Mario S. Staller. “The Word is Sometimes Mightier Than the Sword: Rethinking Communication Skills to Enhance Officer Safety.”\u00a0Journal of Law Enforcement<\/em>\u00a04.5 (2015).\u00a0\u00a0Microsoft Word – The word TUESDAY Final.docx (researchgate.net)<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Kwon, Gyu H., Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, and Charles W. Bostian. “Redefining interoperability: Understanding police communication task environments.”\u00a0Symposium on Human Interface<\/em>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u201cPolice Communication Skills Matter More than Ever: Here\u2019s Why.\u201d University of San Diego, 9 Aug. 2019, onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu\/police-communication-important-today\/.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Oliva, Janet R., Rhiannon Morgan, and Michael T. Compton. “A practical overview of\u00a0de-escalation\u00a0skills in law enforcement: Helping individuals in crisis while reducing police liability and injury.”\u00a0Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations<\/em>\u00a010.1-2 (2010): 15-29.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Kwon, Gyu H., Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, and Charles W. Bostian. “Redefining interoperability: Understanding police communication task environments.”\u00a0Symposium on Human Interface<\/em>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Rosenfeld, Richard, Thaddeus L. Johnson, and Richard Wright. “Are college-educated police officers different? A study of stops, searches, and arrests.”\u00a0Criminal Justice Policy Review<\/em>\u00a031.2 (2020): 206-236.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n US Department of Justice. \u201cFirst Response to Victims of Crime.\u201d\u00a0Https:\/\/Ovc.Ojp.Gov\/<\/a>, July 2010, ovc.ojp.gov\/sites\/g\/files\/xyckuh226\/files\/media\/document\/2010firstresponseguidebook.pdf.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Miller, Lindsay, Jessica Toliver, and\u00a0Police\u00a0Executive Research Forum. 2014. Implementing a Body-Worn Camera Program: Recommendations and Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Bayley, David H., and Egon Bittner. “Learning the skills of policing.”\u00a0Law & Contemp. 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