{"id":503,"date":"2021-07-28T21:38:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-28T21:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=503"},"modified":"2021-08-09T16:05:36","modified_gmt":"2021-08-09T16:05:36","slug":"4-5-2-application-and-detection-of-discourses-of-deception-prospectus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/chapter\/4-5-2-application-and-detection-of-discourses-of-deception-prospectus\/","title":{"rendered":"4.5.2 Application and detection of discourses of deception (prospectus)"},"content":{"raw":"<h3>English 102, October 2020<\/h3>\r\nWhen choosing the subject of my final research paper,\u00a0I\u2019ve\u00a0decided to keep with the theme of my synthesis essay and write about the discourse of deception.\u00a0I chose this topic because everyone has personal experience\u00a0using the discourse of deception:\u00a0we have\u00a0all told a lie at some point in our lives, but we\u2019ve also tried to determine if someone\u00a0was\u00a0lying to us.\u00a0The ability to detect lies is so commonly sought after that comic\u00a0book\u00a0writers have created superheroes with mind reading or truth detection powers,\u00a0and those heroes\u00a0are just as popular as heroes\u00a0who have\u00a0the power of flight or superstrength.\u00a0In my final essay I want to explore the instincts, theories, and practices we (humans) have acquired\u00a0as aides in understanding the\u00a0verbal and non-verbal communication tendencies\u00a0people use\u00a0when they are engaged in the discourse of deception.\r\n\r\nI\u2019ve\u00a0found in my writing that relating to each individual reader is important, even in a formal setting such as a research paper.\u00a0Because this interest in truth detection is so widespread, the professional fields to which any research on this topic applies are virtually endless.\u00a0Most\u00a0obviously, governments and law enforcement agencies are constantly looking for\u00a0effective ways to determine the sincerity of suspect\u2019s words or actions. I want to spend quite a while during my research paper breaking down different law enforcement agencies\u2019 approaches to truth detection and suspect\u00a0questioning.\u00a0From polygraph tests to pressured interrogations, law enforcement is the image that comes to many people\u2019s\u00a0minds when they think of lie detection. Furthermore,\u00a0I think it will be especially important to compare research conducted in several different countries against each other, as I believe culture and popular belief may play a large role in many governments\u2019 approaches to truth detection.\u00a0To this end, I\u2019ll apply research from an article titled \u201cLooks like a liar? Beliefs about native and non-native speakers' deception\u201d.\u00a0This paper compares the level of bias held by lay people toward speakers of their native language, to the level of bias held by police officers to the same group of people. The research in this article is applicable to my research question because it will reveal\u00a0whether or not\u00a0police officers hold\u00a0a greater level of bias against non-native speakers than lay people of the same culture do. Another research article I plan on referencing in\u00a0relation to police officer\u2019s methods of truth detection is\u00a0\u201c\u00a0\u2018He\u2019s guilty!\u2019: Investigator Bias in Judgments of Truth and Deception\u201d.\u00a0I\u2019ll\u00a0use this research to show whether there is or is not a difference in bias exhibited by officers of varying levels of training, and if this bias plays a large part in false convictions of innocent people.\r\n\r\nSecondly,\u00a0I\u2019d\u00a0like to look at the discourse of deception through\u00a0a psychological lens. Research questions in this portion of my paper will be focused on the impact of my sources\u2019 information on the mental studies community, and how this research changes or reaffirms long held beliefs about human psychology.\u00a0Much of the commonly held conceptions about lie detection and deception revolve around subconscious ques or physical \u201cticks\u201d that a liar just\u00a0cannot\u00a0help but commit.\u00a0I will conclude this portion of my essay by either affirming these conceptions with proof from my academic\u00a0sources or\u00a0by\u00a0refuting them as myths if the research reveals them to be misconceptions.\u00a0This is\u00a0an extraordinarily complex\u00a0area of research, but I want to include it in my\u00a0essay\u00a0because the psychology behind deception is truly\u00a0the groundwork for all the research papers and other sources\u00a0I\u2019ll be using in my paper. Research articles I\u2019ll be referencing in this section include:\u00a0\u201cThe Liar\u2019s Walk:\u00a0Detecting Deception with Gait and Gesture\u201d, which searches for physical signs of deception exhibited in a subject; \u201cDeception and truth detection when\u00a0analysing\u00a0nonverbal and verbal cues\u201d, which compares the reliability of verbal ques of deception\u00a0to non-verbal ques of suspects in a high stress situation; and \u201cReading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception\u201d, which focuses on lie detection and it\u2019s psychology at work\u00a0in the mind of the\u00a0deceiver.\r\n\r\nFrom the section about the psychology of interpersonal deception, I will move on to speak about self-deception and how it affects us personally, as well as the rest of society.\u00a0I chose this as the subject of a portion of my essay because it is so common that many of us\u00a0don\u2019t\u00a0even realize when we are engaged in this discourse. One might deceive themselves into thinking they have time to push the snooze button on their alarm in the morning. Or, more destructively, one might convince themselves that smoking \u201creally isn\u2019t all that bad\u201d.\u00a0Not only is self-deception the most prevalent form of the discourse, but an argument can be made that self-deception may also be the most destructive form of dishonesty.\u00a0To explore these ideas, I will refer to two academic sources - the first being \u201cSelf-deception facilitates interpersonal persuasion\u201d, followed by \u201cOn the Fringes of Moral Responsibility: Skepticism, Self-deception, Delusion, and\u00a0Addiction\u201d. Both these sources are a unique commentary on self-deception, the former focusing on self-persuasion\u2019s effects on oneself and how it can morph interpersonal relationships, while the latter dives more deeply into the destructive nature of self-deception and its utilization by the mind (especially the mind of someone struggling with addiction).\u00a0My hope is that this portion of my essay will pull the paper together nicely by once again relating to each reader on a personal level. We\u2019ve all been guilty of self-deception to one degree or another, so while other ideas such as suspect interrogation or gesture analysis may seem foreign, I\u2019d like to end on a relatable subject that would be interesting to nearly anyone.\r\n\r\nWhile I mentioned a certain order in which I will address individual aspects of the discourse of deception, my plan is to not focus on writing my research paper exactly as I have planned out. The general ideas and sources will remain the same, yes, but the order in which\u00a0they\u2019ll\u00a0be laid out will be completely fluid as I write.\u00a0Personally, I find\u00a0it easiest to write with an idea of what\u00a0I\u2019d\u00a0like to say, but then make structural decisions as I go along. I intend to follow that system for my final research essay. I believe my topic of researching the discourse of deception is relevant to writing studies because every form of communication is affected by dishonesty in some way. If one expects to be able to function in any discourse, they must hold\u00a0a certain level of trust that the information they are receiving is truthful, and because of this, we are always on the lookout for liars. However, the intention of my research paper is not to echo commonly held beliefs about lie detection, but to shed a light on the true means by which we might\u00a0recognize the discourse of deception, and debunk any myths about the subject that my reader may believe.\u00a0Hopefully, once someone has finished reading my\u00a0essay\u00a0they will feel a little bit more like a superhero, or at least be more impressed by their favorite hero\u2019s power of truth detection.\r\n<h1>Research Questions<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>What methods have laypeople and law enforcement agencies created to determine the sincerity of others?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does local cultureinfluence lie detection methods?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is there a bias toward lie detection amongst law enforcement officers, and does this bias change with the level of training individuals receive?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are popular beliefs\/myths about lie detection backed up by any scientific research?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Can subconscious or nonverbal cues give away deception?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does self-deception affect us individually, as well as societally?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is self-deception more,or less destructive than interpersonal deception?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Annotated Bibliography<\/p>\r\nLeach, Amy\u2010May, et al. \"Looks like a liar? Beliefs about native and non\u2010native speakers' deception.\"\u202f<em>Applied Cognitive Psychology<\/em>\u202f34.2 (2020): 387-396.\r\n\r\nThis article contains research from a study whose objective was to measure levels of bias toward non-native speakers of a language in comparison to native speakers. The study also compared the bias of police officers against this group of people in comparison to the bias of laypeople.\u00a0The article outlines the difficulty non-native speakers have in appearing honest, simply because of the language barrier. However, the study conducted showed no difference between the bias of laypeople and the bias of law enforcement officers.\r\n\r\nMeissner, Christian A., and Saul M.\u00a0Kassin. \"\u201cHe's guilty!\u201d: Investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception.\"\u202f<em>Law and human behavior<\/em>\u202f26.5 (2002): 469-480.\r\n\r\nThis\u00a0Canadian\u00a0article seeks to find an answer to the question of whether a law enforcement officer\u2019s level of training effects his or her natural bias in favor of a guilty or innocent ruling, and whether training in lie detection increases the officer\u2019s success rate. With a focus on criminal interrogations as opposed to everyday truth detection, the study conducted for this article will be especially useful in\u00a0my essay segment focused on law enforcement\u2019s truth detection methods.\r\n\r\nRandhavane, Tanmay, et al. \"The Liar's Walk: Detecting Deception with Gait and Gesture.\"\u202f<em>arXiv<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>preprint arXiv:1912.06874<\/em>\u202f(2019).\r\n\r\n\u201cThe Liar\u2019s Walk\u2026\u201d is a research article about a study whose goal was to teach an artificial intelligence algorithm to detect deception through studying a subject\u2019s gait and gesture. The results of the research state that deceitful\u00a0subjects\u00a0tend to look around and place their hands in their pockets more than honest\u00a0subjects, but not by a large margin. This study is pertinent to my essay because there is a widespread belief that physical cues are trustworthy in lie detection, and I want to put forth evidence as to why that preconception is, or is not, accurate.\r\n\r\nVrij,\u00a0Aldert, Maria Hartwig, and\u00a0P\u00e4r\u00a0Anders\u00a0Granhag. \"Reading lies: Nonverbal communication and deception.\"\u202f<em>Annual review of psychology<\/em>\u202f70 (2019): 295-317.\r\n\r\nThis article covers a wide range of topics regarding\u00a0deception, but\u00a0focuses on the psychological side of the discourse.\u00a0Vrij\u00a0takes a close look at the potential psychological background to certain\u00a0non-verbal cues of deception, ranging from emotional to moral theories driving the mind of a deceptive individual. The author then breaks down multiple studies about non-verbal cues that have been performed in the past and describes why the statistics derived from them are or are not accurate.\r\n\r\nSmith, Megan K., Robert\u00a0Trivers, and William von Hippel. \"Self-deception facilitates interpersonal persuasion.\"\u202f<em>Journal of Economic Psychology<\/em>\u202f63 (2017): 93-101.\r\n\r\nThis article breaks down two theories of motivation for self-deception: its\u00a0<em>intra<\/em>personal effects and its\u00a0<em>inter<\/em>personal effects. The former theory suggests that self-deception is a form of self-preservation \u2013 a way to protect oneself from an unhappy truth. The latter theory\u00a0suggests that self-deceits aids an individual in the deceit of others. The idea is that if someone convinces themselves of a lie, they have an easier time repeating the lie and appearing genuine. I will\u00a0take a look\u00a0at both theories presented by this article in my research paper.\r\n\r\nGibson, Quinn Hiroshi.\u202f<em>On the fringes of moral responsibility: Skepticism, self-deception, delusion, and addiction<\/em>. Diss. UC Berkeley, 2017.\r\n\r\nThis paper explains the effects of self-deceit on not only an individual, but also the people around them.\u00a0It also examines the difference between intentional fooling of oneself and the more automatic self-preserving delusions that we create completely subconsciously.\u00a0The article goes especially in depth when breaking down self-deception\u2019s role in addiction, which will be important to my essay as I seek to answer the question of \u201cwhich form of deceit is the most harmful:\u00a0<em>inter<\/em>personal or\u00a0<em>intra<\/em>personal?\u201d\r\n\r\nTenbrunsel, Ann E., and David M. Messick. \"Ethical fading: The role of self-deception in unethical behavior.\"\u202f<em>Social justice research<\/em>\u202f17.2 (2004): 223-236.\r\n\r\nThis paper looks at the psychology behind self-deceit and how it can be used by an individual to justify unethical decisions. It points out that this aspect of unethical behavior is often overlooked in various forms of ethics training and may serve to undermine the effectiveness of moral instruction. This subject fits well in the self-deception portion of my essay and I may use it to link this segment to the segment focused on the psychology of deception.\r\n\r\nTsikerdekis,\u00a0Michail, and\u00a0Sherali\u00a0Zeadally. \"Online deception in social media.\"\u202f<em>Communications of the ACM<\/em>\u202f57.9 (2014): 72-80.\r\n\r\nThis article exposes the widespread use of deception in the social media space. Social media and virtual communication have\u00a0massively impacted the way people socialize, but it is also\u00a0a very easy\u00a0way to spread misinformation and deceive those you converse with.\u00a0The purpose of this article in my research paper may be to relate to the reader on a more personal level. In today\u2019s day and age\u00a0nearly\u00a0everyone has had an experience with deception via social media.\r\n\r\nVrij,\u00a0Aldert. \"Baselining as a lie detection method.\"\u202f<em>Applied Cognitive Psychology<\/em>\u202f30.6 (2016): 1112-1119.\r\n\r\nThe purpose of this article is to expose the preexisting flaws in detection methods of non-verbal deception cues, specifically the baseline\u00a0lie\u00a0detection method. It goes on to suggest more effective strategies in lie detection and how these strategies can be implemented in interview and interrogation settings. This article will do well as an example of the flawed nature of most commonly used lie detection methods, but it also suggests some potential solutions to these issues, which will shed some light on how non-verbal lie detection may be superior to verbal detection.\r\n\r\nNelson, Raymond. \"Scientific (analytic) theory of polygraph testing.\"\u202f<em>APA Magazine, 49 (5)<\/em>\u202f(2016): 69-82.\r\n\r\nThis paper explores Hollywood\u2019s favorite lie detection method: the polygraph test. It explains the science behind the test and the many situations in which the test has proven to be ineffective. I\u00a0hope that the use of this article will help break any preconceived notions about lie detection that my reader may have, while explaining the correct, but unreliable science behind the world\u2019s most famous lie detector. Information from this article will most likely fit best in the section of my essay devoted to lie detection in law enforcement environments.\r\n\r\nCaso, Letizia, et al. \"Police accuracy in truth\/lie detection when judging baseline interviews.\"\u202f<em>Psychiatry, Psychology and Law<\/em>\u202f26.6 (2019): 841-850.\r\n\r\nThis study was conducted in Italy to determine the accuracy in their police force\u2019s ability to detect lies. The study consisted of 10 subjects and 95 Law enforcement officers. The subjects were put through a staged robbery and then questioned. Of the 95 law enforcement officers, those with higher training correctly detected lies on an average of 54.78% of the time while less-trained officers only detected them 39.16% of the time. This study contradicts a previous source and will be used as a\u00a0devils\u00a0advocate citation.\r\n\r\nBest, Greg, Jonathan Hodgeon, and Chris NH Street. \"How contemporary theory informs lie detection accuracy and bias.\"\u202f<em>Crime Security and Society<\/em>\u202f1.2 (2018): 30.\r\n\r\nThis article focuses on the history of lie detection and maintained inaccuracy of modern tests. This source contains much information found in previously listed sources, but it will be useful\u00a0as an extra citation for readers to receive the information. Specifically, this article breaks down the adaptive lie detector and truth default theories, as well as it reinforces previously mentioned research into lie detection biases. The article also suggests that non-verbal cues are indeed unreliable, and verbal cues best serve the investigator when trying to detect deception.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h3>English 102, October 2020<\/h3>\n<p>When choosing the subject of my final research paper,\u00a0I\u2019ve\u00a0decided to keep with the theme of my synthesis essay and write about the discourse of deception.\u00a0I chose this topic because everyone has personal experience\u00a0using the discourse of deception:\u00a0we have\u00a0all told a lie at some point in our lives, but we\u2019ve also tried to determine if someone\u00a0was\u00a0lying to us.\u00a0The ability to detect lies is so commonly sought after that comic\u00a0book\u00a0writers have created superheroes with mind reading or truth detection powers,\u00a0and those heroes\u00a0are just as popular as heroes\u00a0who have\u00a0the power of flight or superstrength.\u00a0In my final essay I want to explore the instincts, theories, and practices we (humans) have acquired\u00a0as aides in understanding the\u00a0verbal and non-verbal communication tendencies\u00a0people use\u00a0when they are engaged in the discourse of deception.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ve\u00a0found in my writing that relating to each individual reader is important, even in a formal setting such as a research paper.\u00a0Because this interest in truth detection is so widespread, the professional fields to which any research on this topic applies are virtually endless.\u00a0Most\u00a0obviously, governments and law enforcement agencies are constantly looking for\u00a0effective ways to determine the sincerity of suspect\u2019s words or actions. I want to spend quite a while during my research paper breaking down different law enforcement agencies\u2019 approaches to truth detection and suspect\u00a0questioning.\u00a0From polygraph tests to pressured interrogations, law enforcement is the image that comes to many people\u2019s\u00a0minds when they think of lie detection. Furthermore,\u00a0I think it will be especially important to compare research conducted in several different countries against each other, as I believe culture and popular belief may play a large role in many governments\u2019 approaches to truth detection.\u00a0To this end, I\u2019ll apply research from an article titled \u201cLooks like a liar? Beliefs about native and non-native speakers&#8217; deception\u201d.\u00a0This paper compares the level of bias held by lay people toward speakers of their native language, to the level of bias held by police officers to the same group of people. The research in this article is applicable to my research question because it will reveal\u00a0whether or not\u00a0police officers hold\u00a0a greater level of bias against non-native speakers than lay people of the same culture do. Another research article I plan on referencing in\u00a0relation to police officer\u2019s methods of truth detection is\u00a0\u201c\u00a0\u2018He\u2019s guilty!\u2019: Investigator Bias in Judgments of Truth and Deception\u201d.\u00a0I\u2019ll\u00a0use this research to show whether there is or is not a difference in bias exhibited by officers of varying levels of training, and if this bias plays a large part in false convictions of innocent people.<\/p>\n<p>Secondly,\u00a0I\u2019d\u00a0like to look at the discourse of deception through\u00a0a psychological lens. Research questions in this portion of my paper will be focused on the impact of my sources\u2019 information on the mental studies community, and how this research changes or reaffirms long held beliefs about human psychology.\u00a0Much of the commonly held conceptions about lie detection and deception revolve around subconscious ques or physical \u201cticks\u201d that a liar just\u00a0cannot\u00a0help but commit.\u00a0I will conclude this portion of my essay by either affirming these conceptions with proof from my academic\u00a0sources or\u00a0by\u00a0refuting them as myths if the research reveals them to be misconceptions.\u00a0This is\u00a0an extraordinarily complex\u00a0area of research, but I want to include it in my\u00a0essay\u00a0because the psychology behind deception is truly\u00a0the groundwork for all the research papers and other sources\u00a0I\u2019ll be using in my paper. Research articles I\u2019ll be referencing in this section include:\u00a0\u201cThe Liar\u2019s Walk:\u00a0Detecting Deception with Gait and Gesture\u201d, which searches for physical signs of deception exhibited in a subject; \u201cDeception and truth detection when\u00a0analysing\u00a0nonverbal and verbal cues\u201d, which compares the reliability of verbal ques of deception\u00a0to non-verbal ques of suspects in a high stress situation; and \u201cReading Lies: Nonverbal Communication and Deception\u201d, which focuses on lie detection and it\u2019s psychology at work\u00a0in the mind of the\u00a0deceiver.<\/p>\n<p>From the section about the psychology of interpersonal deception, I will move on to speak about self-deception and how it affects us personally, as well as the rest of society.\u00a0I chose this as the subject of a portion of my essay because it is so common that many of us\u00a0don\u2019t\u00a0even realize when we are engaged in this discourse. One might deceive themselves into thinking they have time to push the snooze button on their alarm in the morning. Or, more destructively, one might convince themselves that smoking \u201creally isn\u2019t all that bad\u201d.\u00a0Not only is self-deception the most prevalent form of the discourse, but an argument can be made that self-deception may also be the most destructive form of dishonesty.\u00a0To explore these ideas, I will refer to two academic sources &#8211; the first being \u201cSelf-deception facilitates interpersonal persuasion\u201d, followed by \u201cOn the Fringes of Moral Responsibility: Skepticism, Self-deception, Delusion, and\u00a0Addiction\u201d. Both these sources are a unique commentary on self-deception, the former focusing on self-persuasion\u2019s effects on oneself and how it can morph interpersonal relationships, while the latter dives more deeply into the destructive nature of self-deception and its utilization by the mind (especially the mind of someone struggling with addiction).\u00a0My hope is that this portion of my essay will pull the paper together nicely by once again relating to each reader on a personal level. We\u2019ve all been guilty of self-deception to one degree or another, so while other ideas such as suspect interrogation or gesture analysis may seem foreign, I\u2019d like to end on a relatable subject that would be interesting to nearly anyone.<\/p>\n<p>While I mentioned a certain order in which I will address individual aspects of the discourse of deception, my plan is to not focus on writing my research paper exactly as I have planned out. The general ideas and sources will remain the same, yes, but the order in which\u00a0they\u2019ll\u00a0be laid out will be completely fluid as I write.\u00a0Personally, I find\u00a0it easiest to write with an idea of what\u00a0I\u2019d\u00a0like to say, but then make structural decisions as I go along. I intend to follow that system for my final research essay. I believe my topic of researching the discourse of deception is relevant to writing studies because every form of communication is affected by dishonesty in some way. If one expects to be able to function in any discourse, they must hold\u00a0a certain level of trust that the information they are receiving is truthful, and because of this, we are always on the lookout for liars. However, the intention of my research paper is not to echo commonly held beliefs about lie detection, but to shed a light on the true means by which we might\u00a0recognize the discourse of deception, and debunk any myths about the subject that my reader may believe.\u00a0Hopefully, once someone has finished reading my\u00a0essay\u00a0they will feel a little bit more like a superhero, or at least be more impressed by their favorite hero\u2019s power of truth detection.<\/p>\n<h1>Research Questions<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>What methods have laypeople and law enforcement agencies created to determine the sincerity of others?<\/li>\n<li>Does local cultureinfluence lie detection methods?<\/li>\n<li>Is there a bias toward lie detection amongst law enforcement officers, and does this bias change with the level of training individuals receive?<\/li>\n<li>Are popular beliefs\/myths about lie detection backed up by any scientific research?<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Can subconscious or nonverbal cues give away deception?<\/span><\/li>\n<li>How does self-deception affect us individually, as well as societally?<\/li>\n<li>Is self-deception more,or less destructive than interpersonal deception?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Annotated Bibliography<\/p>\n<p>Leach, Amy\u2010May, et al. &#8220;Looks like a liar? Beliefs about native and non\u2010native speakers&#8217; deception.&#8221;\u202f<em>Applied Cognitive Psychology<\/em>\u202f34.2 (2020): 387-396.<\/p>\n<p>This article contains research from a study whose objective was to measure levels of bias toward non-native speakers of a language in comparison to native speakers. The study also compared the bias of police officers against this group of people in comparison to the bias of laypeople.\u00a0The article outlines the difficulty non-native speakers have in appearing honest, simply because of the language barrier. However, the study conducted showed no difference between the bias of laypeople and the bias of law enforcement officers.<\/p>\n<p>Meissner, Christian A., and Saul M.\u00a0Kassin. &#8220;\u201cHe&#8217;s guilty!\u201d: Investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception.&#8221;\u202f<em>Law and human behavior<\/em>\u202f26.5 (2002): 469-480.<\/p>\n<p>This\u00a0Canadian\u00a0article seeks to find an answer to the question of whether a law enforcement officer\u2019s level of training effects his or her natural bias in favor of a guilty or innocent ruling, and whether training in lie detection increases the officer\u2019s success rate. With a focus on criminal interrogations as opposed to everyday truth detection, the study conducted for this article will be especially useful in\u00a0my essay segment focused on law enforcement\u2019s truth detection methods.<\/p>\n<p>Randhavane, Tanmay, et al. &#8220;The Liar&#8217;s Walk: Detecting Deception with Gait and Gesture.&#8221;\u202f<em>arXiv<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>preprint arXiv:1912.06874<\/em>\u202f(2019).<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Liar\u2019s Walk\u2026\u201d is a research article about a study whose goal was to teach an artificial intelligence algorithm to detect deception through studying a subject\u2019s gait and gesture. The results of the research state that deceitful\u00a0subjects\u00a0tend to look around and place their hands in their pockets more than honest\u00a0subjects, but not by a large margin. This study is pertinent to my essay because there is a widespread belief that physical cues are trustworthy in lie detection, and I want to put forth evidence as to why that preconception is, or is not, accurate.<\/p>\n<p>Vrij,\u00a0Aldert, Maria Hartwig, and\u00a0P\u00e4r\u00a0Anders\u00a0Granhag. &#8220;Reading lies: Nonverbal communication and deception.&#8221;\u202f<em>Annual review of psychology<\/em>\u202f70 (2019): 295-317.<\/p>\n<p>This article covers a wide range of topics regarding\u00a0deception, but\u00a0focuses on the psychological side of the discourse.\u00a0Vrij\u00a0takes a close look at the potential psychological background to certain\u00a0non-verbal cues of deception, ranging from emotional to moral theories driving the mind of a deceptive individual. The author then breaks down multiple studies about non-verbal cues that have been performed in the past and describes why the statistics derived from them are or are not accurate.<\/p>\n<p>Smith, Megan K., Robert\u00a0Trivers, and William von Hippel. &#8220;Self-deception facilitates interpersonal persuasion.&#8221;\u202f<em>Journal of Economic Psychology<\/em>\u202f63 (2017): 93-101.<\/p>\n<p>This article breaks down two theories of motivation for self-deception: its\u00a0<em>intra<\/em>personal effects and its\u00a0<em>inter<\/em>personal effects. The former theory suggests that self-deception is a form of self-preservation \u2013 a way to protect oneself from an unhappy truth. The latter theory\u00a0suggests that self-deceits aids an individual in the deceit of others. The idea is that if someone convinces themselves of a lie, they have an easier time repeating the lie and appearing genuine. I will\u00a0take a look\u00a0at both theories presented by this article in my research paper.<\/p>\n<p>Gibson, Quinn Hiroshi.\u202f<em>On the fringes of moral responsibility: Skepticism, self-deception, delusion, and addiction<\/em>. Diss. UC Berkeley, 2017.<\/p>\n<p>This paper explains the effects of self-deceit on not only an individual, but also the people around them.\u00a0It also examines the difference between intentional fooling of oneself and the more automatic self-preserving delusions that we create completely subconsciously.\u00a0The article goes especially in depth when breaking down self-deception\u2019s role in addiction, which will be important to my essay as I seek to answer the question of \u201cwhich form of deceit is the most harmful:\u00a0<em>inter<\/em>personal or\u00a0<em>intra<\/em>personal?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Tenbrunsel, Ann E., and David M. Messick. &#8220;Ethical fading: The role of self-deception in unethical behavior.&#8221;\u202f<em>Social justice research<\/em>\u202f17.2 (2004): 223-236.<\/p>\n<p>This paper looks at the psychology behind self-deceit and how it can be used by an individual to justify unethical decisions. It points out that this aspect of unethical behavior is often overlooked in various forms of ethics training and may serve to undermine the effectiveness of moral instruction. This subject fits well in the self-deception portion of my essay and I may use it to link this segment to the segment focused on the psychology of deception.<\/p>\n<p>Tsikerdekis,\u00a0Michail, and\u00a0Sherali\u00a0Zeadally. &#8220;Online deception in social media.&#8221;\u202f<em>Communications of the ACM<\/em>\u202f57.9 (2014): 72-80.<\/p>\n<p>This article exposes the widespread use of deception in the social media space. Social media and virtual communication have\u00a0massively impacted the way people socialize, but it is also\u00a0a very easy\u00a0way to spread misinformation and deceive those you converse with.\u00a0The purpose of this article in my research paper may be to relate to the reader on a more personal level. In today\u2019s day and age\u00a0nearly\u00a0everyone has had an experience with deception via social media.<\/p>\n<p>Vrij,\u00a0Aldert. &#8220;Baselining as a lie detection method.&#8221;\u202f<em>Applied Cognitive Psychology<\/em>\u202f30.6 (2016): 1112-1119.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of this article is to expose the preexisting flaws in detection methods of non-verbal deception cues, specifically the baseline\u00a0lie\u00a0detection method. It goes on to suggest more effective strategies in lie detection and how these strategies can be implemented in interview and interrogation settings. This article will do well as an example of the flawed nature of most commonly used lie detection methods, but it also suggests some potential solutions to these issues, which will shed some light on how non-verbal lie detection may be superior to verbal detection.<\/p>\n<p>Nelson, Raymond. &#8220;Scientific (analytic) theory of polygraph testing.&#8221;\u202f<em>APA Magazine, 49 (5)<\/em>\u202f(2016): 69-82.<\/p>\n<p>This paper explores Hollywood\u2019s favorite lie detection method: the polygraph test. It explains the science behind the test and the many situations in which the test has proven to be ineffective. I\u00a0hope that the use of this article will help break any preconceived notions about lie detection that my reader may have, while explaining the correct, but unreliable science behind the world\u2019s most famous lie detector. Information from this article will most likely fit best in the section of my essay devoted to lie detection in law enforcement environments.<\/p>\n<p>Caso, Letizia, et al. &#8220;Police accuracy in truth\/lie detection when judging baseline interviews.&#8221;\u202f<em>Psychiatry, Psychology and Law<\/em>\u202f26.6 (2019): 841-850.<\/p>\n<p>This study was conducted in Italy to determine the accuracy in their police force\u2019s ability to detect lies. The study consisted of 10 subjects and 95 Law enforcement officers. The subjects were put through a staged robbery and then questioned. Of the 95 law enforcement officers, those with higher training correctly detected lies on an average of 54.78% of the time while less-trained officers only detected them 39.16% of the time. This study contradicts a previous source and will be used as a\u00a0devils\u00a0advocate citation.<\/p>\n<p>Best, Greg, Jonathan Hodgeon, and Chris NH Street. &#8220;How contemporary theory informs lie detection accuracy and bias.&#8221;\u202f<em>Crime Security and Society<\/em>\u202f1.2 (2018): 30.<\/p>\n<p>This article focuses on the history of lie detection and maintained inaccuracy of modern tests. This source contains much information found in previously listed sources, but it will be useful\u00a0as an extra citation for readers to receive the information. Specifically, this article breaks down the adaptive lie detector and truth default theories, as well as it reinforces previously mentioned research into lie detection biases. The article also suggests that non-verbal cues are indeed unreliable, and verbal cues best serve the investigator when trying to detect deception.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":253,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["jkopmeyer"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[88],"license":[],"class_list":["post-503","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-jkopmeyer"],"part":71,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/503","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/253"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/503\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":564,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/503\/revisions\/564"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/71"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/503\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=503"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=503"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=503"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu\/understanding-literacy-in-our-lives\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=503"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}