Bibliography

Ablovatski, E., “The 1919 Central European Revolutions and The Judeo-Bolshevik Myth,” European Review of History: Revue européenne d’histoire 17, 3 (2010): pp. 473-489.

Ainsworth, S., “Electoral Strength and the Emergence of Group Influence in the Late 1800s.” American Politics Research 23, 3 (1995): pp. 319-338.

Angress, W., “Weimar Coalition and Ruhr Insurrection, March-April 1920: A Study of Government Policy.” The Journal of Modern History 29, 1 (1957): pp. 1-20.

Bellamy, E., “The ‘Co-operative Commonwealth’ Mr. Gronlund’s New Edition of this Important Work Reviewed,” The New Nation 1 (1891): pp. 224-5.

Brecher, J., Strike! San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1972.

Campbell, A., “The sociopolitical origins of the American Legion,” Theory and Society 39, 1 (2010): pp. 1-24.

Casto, J., Towboat on the Ohio. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1995.

Census Bureau, “Working Paper 81; Table 23. Nativity of the Population for the 50 Largest Urban Places 1870 to 2000.” https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2006/demo/POP-twps0081.pdf

Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1919.

Cleveland Encyclopedia of History, “Foreign Born Population, Cleveland and Cuyahoga County, 1870-1990,” https://case.edu/ech/articles/f/foreign-born-population-cleveland-and-cuyahoga-county

Critchlow, D., ed. Socialism in the Heartland. Notre Dame:  Notre Dame Press, 1986.

Edelman. M., “Political Language and Political Reality”. American Political Science Association 18, 1 (1985): pp. 10-19.

Fight – Against War and Fascism. May, 1934, New York, New York.

Foner, P., May Day: A Short History of the International Workers’ Holiday. New York: International Publishers, 1986.

Fulbrook, M.  A History of Germany 1918-2008: The Divided Nation. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Gerstle, G., American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.

Judd, R., Socialist Cities: Municipal Politics and the Grass Roots of American Socialism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.

Karsner, D., Debs: His Authorized Life and Letters, New York: Boni and Liveright Publishers, 1919, https://archive.org/details/debshisauthorize00karsrich

Klehr, H., The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade. New York: Basic Books, 1984.

Lesley, J., Cleveland’s Red Scare. 1975, Honors Thesis, Case Western Reserve University.

Lipset, S. and Marks, G., It Didn’t Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.

Llloyd, J. “The Strike Wave of 1877,” in The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History, ed. Brenner, A. and Day, B. and Ness, I., 177-190, Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2009.

Miggins, E., and Morgenthaler, M, “The Ethnic Mosaic: The Settlement of Cleveland by the Immigrants and Migrants” in The Birth of Modern Cleveland 1865-1930, eds. Campbell, T., and Miggins, E., 104-140, Cleveland: Cleveland Historical Society, 1988.

Millett, S., “Charles E. Ruthenberg: The Development of an American Communist, 1909-1927,” Ohio History Journal 81, 3 (1972): pp. 193-209. https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?page=100&ipp=20&searchterm=crawford&vol=81&pages=193-209

Miller, C. and Wheeler, R., Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796-1996. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

Murray, Robert K., Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919-1920. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955.

Palmowski, J., “Red Army.” In A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001/acref-9780199295678-e-1964

Salvatore, N., Eugene Debs: Citizen and Socialist.  Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2007.

Sombart, W., Why Is There No Socialism In the United States. White Plains: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1976.

The Cleveland Plain Dealer. May 2-5, 1919; July 29, 1932, Cleveland, Ohio.

The Cleveland Press. May 2-6, 1919, Cleveland, Ohio.

The Florence Times. November 23, 1934, Florence, Alabama.

The Milwaukee Journal. Dec. 20, 1945, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

The Revolutionary Age, April 26-May 10, 1919, Boston, Massachusetts.

Weiner, R. and Beal, C., “The Sixth City: Cleveland in Three Stages of Urbanization,” in Thomas Campbell and Edward Miggins, eds. The Birth of Modern Cleveland 1865-1930, (Cleveland: Cleveland Historical Society, 1988), 24-53.

Wisconsin Historical Society, “Milwaukee Sewer Socialism.”  Turning Points in Wisconsin History, http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-043/?action=more_essay

Wortman, R., From Syndicalism To Trade Unionism: The IWW in Ohio 1905-1950. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985.

See Also: 

—Interactive Version of “Home Locations of Red Rioters” Map at: http://www.zeemaps.com/view?group=1492912&x=-81.631016&y=41.493998&z=7 

—Joseph A. Labadie Collection of Radical Political Posters at University of Michigan, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lbc2ic?page=index 

—Roy Wortman Collection of the Industrial Workers of the World in Ohio Dissertation Research at Western Reserve Historical Society 

—Census Schedules for 1910, 1920, and 1930 via www.ancestry.com 

License

Share This Book