Appendix: Timeline—Community Development in Cleveland

1967

Carl Stokes elected Mayor

Hough Area Development Corporation formed.

1969

Commission on Catholic Community Action supports community organizing.

1973

Detroit Shoreway Community Development established.

1974

Congress passes the Community Development Block Grant program the leading source of federal funding for community development corporations and neighborhood projects.

1976

Federal judge Frank Battisti orders the Cleveland School District to desegregate leading to mixed improvements in academic opportunities but contributing to massive white flight to the suburbs.

Congress creates Community Development Block Grant program.

1977

Jimmy Carter elected President.

Community Reinvestment Act passed by Congress holding banks accountable for their mortgage lending activity.

Dennis Kucinich elected Mayor.

1978

Cleveland Municipal loan default.

1979

George Voinovich elected Mayor.

1980

Cleveland Municipal Housing Court established by the Ohio General Assembly.

1981

Cleveland Housing Network formed.

Ronald Reagan elected President.

1981

Cleveland Tomorrow, a private civic organization made up of CEOs of the largest companies in the Cleveland area is created.

1982

Reclaim America brings 600 demonstrators to the Chagrin Valley Hunt Club to protest neighborhood disinvestment. Action leads to a shift in support for community organizing by funders.

1983

Richard Celeste elected Governor of Ohio.

1984

Ohio legislature passes Housing receivership legislation allowing CDCs to repair abandoned properties.

1986

Lexington Village Housing project in Hough – the first large scale development in Cleveland since the Stokes era.

The Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program is established by Congress.

1988

Neighborhood Progress Inc. created.

1990

Michael White elected as Mayor. Emphasis on new market rate housing construction at scale, Gateway Sports and Entertainment district, support for CDCs, and ending court ordered school desegregation.

1991

George Voinovich elected as Ohio Governor

Shore Bank Cleveland established.

Village Capital incorporated as wholly owned subsidiary of NPI.

1993

Bill Clinton elected President.

Congress passes Empowerment Zone initiative. Cleveland awarded a supplemental designation in 1994.

De-regulation of US banking industry with repeal of Glass-Steagall Act.

1996

Congress passes the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (TANF) to “end welfare as we know it”

1996-2006

NPI and its CDC partners initiative a range of major projects beginning with Nehemiah Homes, the Fries and Schuele bloc, Dave’s Super Markets and redevelopment of the St. Lukes Hospital campus.

2001

George W. Bush elected President.

Jane Campbell elected as Cleveland Mayor.

2004

Greater Cleveland Partnership is formed through the merger of Cleveland Tomorrow, Greater Cleveland Growth Association, the Greater Cleveland Roundtable, and the Council of Smaller Enterprises.

Vacant Property Action Council formed.

2005

Frank Jackson elected Cleveland mayor pledging to make city government work for those who have less.

2007

Mortgage foreclosure crisis and the Great Recession.

2008

The federal Neighborhood Stabilization Program established by Congress to restore housing markets through selective demolition and housing rehab.

2009

Barak Obama is elected President.

Cuyahoga Land Bank is created.

2010

Voters approve new Cuyahoga County governance structure with 11 County Council members and a Chief executive officer following the conviction of more than 3 dozen public officials and private contractors for public corruption.

Leadership transition at NPI.