In this section, we provide guidelines and recommendations about color contrast in your textbook materials.

What is color contrast?

Color contrast refers to the hue, lightness, and saturation of text, images, and background.

File types include: DOCX, HTML, PDF, JPG, GIF

What role does color play in the delivery of your content?

When documents or web pages do not provide enough contrast between foreground elements (e.g., text, images) and background elements (e.g., colour, watermark images), some students will have difficulty reading the content. Consider the following questions:

1. Have you presented text- or image-based content on a coloured or textured background? If so, you should:
   • confirm that there is sufficient contrast between your foreground content and the chosen background colour or texture
2. Have you included links in your content? If so, you should:
   • confirm that the color of your web links is distinct from both your background color and the color of the surrounding text
3. Have you used color to convey concepts or information? If so, you should:
   • confirm that you are not using color alone to convey this information

Who are you doing this for?

This work supports students who:

• Have low vision
• Have poor contrast vision
• Are color blind and cannot differentiate between certain colors
• Use a device with monochrome display
• Use a print copy that is in black and white

What do you need to do?

In order to use color in a way that is most accessible, take into account color contrast between text and background and whether or not color is used to convey information and the location of a link.

Contrast

Students with low vision and/or a form of color blindness may have difficulty reading text that does not contrast enough with the background color selected. If the color palette you have adopted is too subtle (e.g., white text on a pastel background; medium-grey text on a light-grey background), the contrast between your foreground and background is probably insufficient for some students.

Level AAA of the “Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0)” requires that “the visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 7:1.”^[1] The following image presents four different foreground/background color-contrast examples to illustrate insufficient and sufficient colour-contrast ratios.

Link colours

Links must be visually distinct from both the surrounding, non-linked text and the background color. If you do not underline your links (or provide some other non-color cue), you must ensure that you provide sufficient contrast between the link and background colors and between the link color and that of the surrounding text.

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.0) require a:

• 4.5:1 contrast between the link text color and the background
• 3:1 contrast between the link text color and the surrounding non-link text color ^[2]

High-contrast mode

Some students need to see light text on a dark background for it to be readable, while others require dark text on a light background. Students with low vision must be able to see content when it is displayed in high-contrast mode. This can be a subjective experience, based on individual student needs. We recommend testing your text- and image-based content as you go by using high-contrast mode on your own computer and making adjustments as needed.

All content items such as text, images, bullets, and table borders must be visible in both regular and high-contrast modes.

Use of color

You should not rely on color as the sole means of conveying information and instruction. If the point you are making depends on color to be understood, you will need to edit your materials so that concepts presented in the visuals are not lost to those who are color blind or who require high contrast between colors.^[3]