11.3 Civil vs. Criminal Law

Before we identify the different courts that operate at the state and local levels in Ohio, let’s differentiate civil versus criminal law.

Civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organizations, where one party believes they have been wronged by the other. In civil cases, the person bringing the lawsuit is called the plaintiff, and the person being sued is the defendant. The goal is usually to obtain compensation or another remedy for the harm done. For example, if someone slips and falls in a store due to a wet floor, they might sue the store for medical expenses and other damages.

Criminal law, on the other hand, involves actions considered offenses against society. In criminal cases, the government prosecutes individuals or organizations accused of committing crimes. These crimes can range from minor offenses, like traffic violations, to serious crimes, such as robbery or murder. The government, represented by a prosecutor, seeks to punish the wrongdoer to deter future crimes and maintain public order. For instance, if someone is caught stealing from a store, they could be charged with theft and face penalties like fines or imprisonment if found guilty.

While civil cases often result in the losing party paying damages, criminal cases can lead to more severe penalties, including jail time. Understanding these differences helps clarify how various legal issues are addressed and resolved in the legal system.